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Intro to Nursing > Test #2 > Flashcards

Test #2 Flashcards

1
Q

Florence Nightingale

A

-Founder of modern nursing
-Cared for wounded soldiers during Crimean War
-Dramatically reduced mortality rates with simple nursing care
-Elevated status of nursing
-In 1860, Nightingale opened first school of nursing

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2
Q

Mary Seacole

A

Biracial woman born in Kingston Jamaica in 1805
Learned traditional herbal remedies from her mother
Attempted to join a contingent of nurses that was working with Florence nightingale during the Crimean war and was rejected
Set up her own facility to care for officers
Wrote her own autobiography

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3
Q

What is a licensed practical nurse?

A

Self-regulated professionals who possess core nursing knowledge to independently care for clients with and established plan of care. LPNs are an integral part of the health care team: accountable to provide safe, competent, compassionate and ethical care to individuals, families, and communities

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4
Q

Define LPN Practice

A

In the nursing act LPN practice is described as nursing services meaning the application of practical knowledge and theory in the:
assessment of clients
collaboration in the nursing plan of care
implementation of the nursing care plan
evaluation of the client

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5
Q

LPN services provided

A

Nursing services are provided for the purposes of:
Promoting health
Preventing Illnewss
Providing palliative
rehabilitative care
assisting clients to achieve optimal state of health

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6
Q

Standards of practice for LPNs

A
  1. LPNs are self-regulating, accountable, practitioners responsible to provide safe, competent, ethical nursing practice and to work collaboratively with clients and other health care providers
  2. LPNs practice is client-centred and includes individuals, families, groups and communities
  3. LPN standards provide the structure to support LPNs to meet the needs of the population in the Canadian health care system
    4.LPN practice requires an individual leadership and professionalism as demonstrated through their commitment to continuing competence, continuing education and safe ethical practice
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7
Q

Philosophy in Nursing

A

Enables nurses to understand their values, beliefs, assumptions and knowledge
A foundation for development and analysis of concepts, models, frameworks and theories in the discipline of nursing
Clarifies what nurses are trying to do, why they do it, and what knowledge they use

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8
Q

Benefits of Philosophy in Nursing

A

Identifies the central phenomena of the discipline of nursing
Relates nursing to a world view or philosophical tradition
Offers some criteria concerning nursing knowledge development in the discipline
Nurses’ frame of reference more explicit

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9
Q

Who was Dorothea Orem

A

Born in 1914 in Baltimore, US
Earned her diploma at Providence hospital
1939-BSN Ed., Catholic University of America
1945-MSN Ed., Catholic University of America

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10
Q

Orem’s beliefs

A

-People should be self reliant and responsible for their own care
-People are distinct individuals
-Nursing is a form of action
-A person’s knowledge of potential health problems is necessary for promoting self-care behaviours

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11
Q

Orem’s Goals

A

-To help the patient gain independence as quickly as possible
-Promotion of self care activities that individuals need to be able to perform in order to maintain life, health and well-being
-Focus on health promotion and maintenance

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12
Q

Orem’s self-care theory

A

Addresses the ways in which people are responsible for the following universal self-care requisites
-Maintaining, air, food and water
-Maintaining balance between activity and rest, and solitude and interaction
-Providing for elimination processes
-Preventing hazards to life, functioning and well being
-Promoting functioning and growth in social groups according to potential

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13
Q

Self-care

A

Activities performed throughout life to maintain well-being
-a human regulatory function that is essential for life
-Refers to all self-care approaches learned or acquired to sustain one’s equilibrium, function and balance

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14
Q

Self-Care Agency

A

One’s ability to engage in self care. You must understand the patients capacity or ability for self-care
-Factors such as age, gender, and developmental status are considered
-Sociocultural and environmental are factors considered as well
-While determining the patients ability to provide self-care, a nurse patient relationship develops. The nurse explores the patient’s ability to provide adequate self care

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15
Q

Self-care Deficit

A

Describes the insufficiencies in a person’s ability to care for oneself, necessitating degree of assistance
-What defects does the patient have in providing his or her own self-care
-The nurse confirms with the patient the nurse’s assessment of the patient’s needs. This allowing for all participating parties to be in agreement of what is needed or not required. Thus, a plan of care develops

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16
Q

Theory of Nursing system

A

The nurse performs their duties based upon the patient’s self-care deficit, which is determined by assessing a patient’s inability to to provide effective self-care
Nursing actions are designed to meet the patient’s self care needs
The range of care can be:
Highly involved requiring total or near total care (wholly compensatory system)
Less involved requiring only support and education. This means the patient can provide effective self-care but needs to work with the nurse to develop and maximize these abilities (supportive-education system)
In between requiring more care after an event such as a patient on 240hour bedrest after surgery, but they can be more independent thereafter (partially compensatory system)

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17
Q

Universal Self Care Requisites

A

-The maintenance of a sufficient intake of air, water, food
-Provision of care associated with elimination process
-Balance between activity and rest, between solitude and social interaction
-Prevention of hazards to human life and well-being
-Promotion of human functioning

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18
Q

Health Deviation Self Care

A

-Seeking and securing appropriate medical assistance
-Being aware of and attending to the effects and results of pathological conditions
-Effectively carrying out medically prescribed measures
-Modifying self-concepts in accepting oneself as being in a particular state of health and in specific forms of health care
-Learning to live with the effects of pathological conditions

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19
Q

Nursing interventions related to the self-care model include:

A

Education regarding one’s illness or lack of ability to perform self-care, identification of symptoms, adherence to follow-up appointments, physical and occupational therapy, medication management, pain management, and nutritional counselling.

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20
Q

Relevance of Orem’s theory to practice

A

-Orem’s theory can help nurses choose what nursing interventions are appropriate based on the needs of the patient
-Orems theory of nursing systems are concepts that can help a nurse define his/her practice
-The partially compensatory system can be applied to patient’s who had a surgical procedure and are not allowed to ambulate 24 hours after the procedure
-Supportive educative nursing system can be applied to patients who have had a stent placed after a heart attack. They should be taught to correct their diet and lifestyle to prevent further events

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21
Q

What are values?

A

Enduring beliefs or attitudes about the worth of a person, an object, an idea or an action

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22
Q

How are values formed?

A

Family experience
Moral development
Cultural, ethnic, and religious communities
Individual experiences

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23
Q

Common nursing values that are important to nursing care include:

A

-Client well-being and client choice
-Privacy and confidentiality
-Respect for life
-Maintaining of commitments
-Truthfullness and fairness

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24
Q

What are morals?

A

Describe the behaviour of people related to right and wrong actions
-Used interchangeably with ethics
-Used in developing explanation for decisions and actions and in discussing problems with others

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25
Moral Distress?
Occurs when the individual knows the ethically correct action to take but is unable to take the action because of internal or external barriers
26
Moral Residue
Is the emotional response that nurses may carry forward from ethical situations in which they have felt compromised, and that provides the basis for reflection on ethical decision making for the future
27
Ethics
A system of values and beliefs for determining right or wrong and for making judgements about what should be done to or for other human beings
28
Responsibiltiy
Implies an ability to distinguish between right and Wong
29
Accountability
A guiding principle of relationships based on loyalty, promise keeping and truth telling (veracity)
30
Advocacy
Acting on behalf of another person, speaking for persons who cannot speak for themselves, or intervening to ensure that views are heard
31
Deontology
Defining actions as right or wrong
32
Utilitarianism (consequentialism)
The concept that the value of something is determined by it's usefulness
33
Bioethics
The concept that actions are obligation based, outcome oriented, and based on reason
34
Principles of health care ethics
The most widely know approach to health care ethics. The idea was that when health care professionals encountered an ethical problem, they examine the situation, decide with ethical principles apply, and use those principles to make a decision
35
4 principles of health care ethics
1. Autonomy 2. Non-maleficence 3. Beneficence 4. Justice
36
Autonomy
Respect for persons, principle states that individuals have the right to make choices about their own lives. It also means showing respect for others and accepting them as unique individuals with personal histories that influence their decision making. In health care, this means that health care providers must honour the person's right to choose methods or approaches to diagnosis and treatment
37
Non-maleficence
Is the duty to do no harm. Harm can mean intentional harm, risk of harm, and unintentional harm. In nursing, intentional hard is never acceptable. However, nurses sometimes unintentionally inflict harm during a nursing intervention that is intended to be helpful. Causing such harm would not be unethical as such
38
Benefiecence
The obligation to "do good". Nurses have a duty to implement actions that benefit their clients, that is, to act in the client's best interests. However, what is considered "good" in any situation is not always clear. When health care providers make decision for clients without seeking their input, it is called paternalism. Today, clients are respected as having the ability to make decisions for themselves, and paternalism is not considered ethical
39
Justice
Often referred to as fairness. In health care, justice issues arise most often in deciding how scarce resources should be used. Many factors must be considered in the decision and require careful thought
40
Fidelity
Means to be faithful to agreements and promises. Clients take such promises seriously. As professional caregivers, nurses have responsibilities to multiple clients, as well as their employers. Sometimes, these responsibilities are in conflict, as when several patients need attention at the same time and the nurse must decide on priorities in this situation
41
Veracity
Refers to telling the truth. Although this seems straightforward, in practice, choices are not always clear. Should a nurse tell the truth when it is known that it will cause distress to the patient. Does a nurse tell a lie if the lie will relieve anxiety and fear? These kinds of decisions form the basis for many moral dilemmas in nursing
42
Professional codes of Ethics in nursing
a set of ethical principles that: a) is shared by members of the group b) reflects the moral judgments over time c) serves as a standard for their professional actions
43
Nursing codes of ethics have the following purposes
a) to inform the public about the standards of the profession and professional nursing conduct b)to signify the profession's commitment to the public it serves c)to outline major ethical considerations of the profession d) to provide general guidelines for professional behaviour
44
Duty of Care
The moral, ethical, and legal obligation requiring licensed practical nurses to adhere to a reasonable standard of care while providing, assigning, delegating, supervising, promoting, evaluating or advocating for care
45
The nursing Process
A systematic, client-centred, rational method of planning and providing individualized nursing care (ADPIE)
46
What does ADPIE stand for?
1. Assessment 2. Diagnosis (nursing diagnosis) 3. Planning 4. Implementation 4. Evaluation
47
Assesment
The deliberate and systematic collection of data from a primary source and secondary sources Determines a patient's current and past health status, and functional state Determines a patient's current and past coping patterns Establishes an individualized database about the patient's health status
48
Subjective data
Patients' verbal descriptions of their health concerns. Obtained through the health history and the nurse's questions and the explanation the patient provides.
49
Objective Data
are observations or measurements of a patient's health status. May be considered a normal or abnormal finding
50
Sources of data
Primary-The patient Secondary-information from somewhere other than the patient, such as caregivers and medical records Tertiary-textbooks, nurses experience, patterns noticed in other patients with similar presentations and conditions
51
Data collection
process of gathering information about a client's health care status. The goal is to focus on the client's strengths and available supports, while highlighting potential health challenges
52
Database
Includes all the information about a client Includes: nursing health history, family history, physical assessment (systematic, subjective/objective), lab and diagnostic tests, any material contributed by other health care personnel The data is then interpreted and analyzed
53
Data documentation
Documentation is the nurse's legal and professional responsibility Anything heard, seen, felt, or smelled should be reported accurately. Subjective patient information should be placed in quotation marks,. Accurate terminology and abbreviations must be used
54
Medical Diagnosis
The identification of a disease condition on the basis of specific evaluation of signs and symptoms
55
Nursing diagnosis
Focuses on a patient's actual or potential response to a health problem rather than on the physiological event, complication, or disease. A clinical judgement about client, family, or community to actual and potential health problems that is within the domain of nursing
56
Risk nursing diagnosis
describes human responses to health conditions or life processes that will possibly develop in a vulnerable individual, family or community. Such data include physiological, psychosocial, familial, lifestyle, and environmental factors that increase the patient's vulnerability to, or likelihood of, developing the condition
57
Health promotion diagnosis
Clinical judgement of a person's family's or community's motivation and desire to increase well being and actualize human health potential, as expressed in their readiness to enhance specific health behaviours, such as those related to nutrition and exercise. Can be used in any health state; they do not reflect current levels of wellness
58
Wellness nursing diagnosis
describes the levels of wellness in an individual, family, or community that can be enhanced. It is a clinical judgement about an individual, group, or community in transition from a specific level of wellness to a higher level of wellness. Nurses select this type of diagnosis when the patient wishes to or has a achieved an optimal level of health
59
Planning
Planning begins after identification of a patient's nursing diagnosis and strengths. Nurse sets patient-centred goals and expected outcomes, plans nursing interventions and prioritizes interventions. Planning requires critical thinking, applied through deliberate decision making and problem solving
60
Planning steps
A deliberate, systematic phase of the nursing process
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