test 2 Flashcards
chpater 2,3,& 4
zygote
wks 1-2
embryo
wks 3-8; most critical stage of pregnancy. all foundational organs, and characteristics are established here
fetus
wk 9-birth; wk 9: differentiation of the ovaries and testes. wk 12: circulatory system begins to function. wk 16: movement felt by mother.
wk 32: age of viability- can survive outside the uterus
teratogens
disease causing environmental factors (alcohol, illicit drugs, unpasteurized milk and cheese, lead, mercury, asprin
stages of labor
stage 1: last 12-24 hrs (for first birth) and includes contractions and cervical dilation to 10 cm. this is initiated by the baby’s brain
stage 2; include actual birth of the baby and lasts about an hour
stage 3: lasts a few minutes and involves expelling of the placenta
true or false: infants triple their weight by 1 year
true
how many times is the apgar index test performed ?
2x- right after birth and 5 minutes after birth
what is the apgar index test measuring
HR, respiration, muscle tone, reflexes, skin tone/color (blue, pink)
newborn reflexes
born with specific responses (like sucking and rooting). some reflexes appear to be precursors for later voluntary motor behavior, and reflect the health of the nervous system
shaken baby syndrome
life threatening injury that occurs when an infant is forcefully shaken back and forth, a motion that ruptures blood vessels in the brain and breaks neural connections
new born states
alert inactivity: calm, attentive, focus. waking activity unfocused, moving legs, arms. crying: communication. sleeping
sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)
2-4 months most common age range affected, 2/1000 children affected, unexplainable cause of death
SIDS risk factors
second hand smoking, stomach sleeping, overheating
gross motor skills
physical abilities involving large body movements, such as walking and jumping
fine motor skills
physical abilities involving small body movements (hands and fingers especially)
true or false: vision is the most advanced sense at birth
false- hearing is the most advanced at birth. vision is the least advanced sense
how many extra calories need to be consumed to produce breastmilk?
750
sensorimotor intelligence
the way infants think by using their sense and motor skills during the first period of cognitive development
assimilation
adaptation in whihc new experiences are interpreted to fit into or assimilate with ideas
accomodation
term for a type of adaptation in which old ideas are restructured to include or accommodate new experiences
object permanence
the realization taht objects (including people) still exist when they can no longer be seen, touched or heard
child directed speech
hihg pitched simplified and repetitive way adults speak to infants
naming explosion
sudden increase in vocabulary that begins at ~18 months of age
attachment
a lasting emotional bond that one person has with another
secure attachment
infant obtains both comfort and confidence from the presence of his/her caregiver
insecure-avoidant attachment
infant avoids connection w/ caregiver as when the infant seems not to care about the caregiver’s presence, departure or return
insecure-resistant/ambivalent attachment
infants axiety and uncertainty are evident. like when infant becomes upset upon caregiver separation and resists and seeks contact upon reuinion
disorganized attachment
a type of attachment that is marked by inconsistent reactions to the caregiver’s departure and return
at what age does fear emerge
around 9mo in response to people, things, or situations
stranger wariness
no longer smiles at any friendly face but cries or looks frightened when an unfamiliar person moves too close
separation anxiety
tears, dismay, or anger when a familiar caregiver leaves. if this persists past age 3 it may be considered an emotional disorder
what new emotions are present at the end of the 2nd year
pride, shame, embarrassment, guilt
at what age does the infant become self aware
15-18 months
social learning
the acquisition of behavior patterns by observing the behavior of others
temperament
inborn differences btwn one perosn and another in emotions, activity and self-regulation
proximal parenting
caregiving practices that invovle being physically close to the baby, with frequent holding and touching
what are the 4 categories of temperament
easy, difficult, slow to warm up, hard to classify
distal parenting
caregiving practices that invovle being physically distant from the baby. providing toys, food, and face to face communication with minimal holding and touching
social referencing
seeking information about how to react to an unfamiliar or ambiguous object or event by observing someone else’s expression and reactions. mothers use a variety of expressions, vocalizations and gestures to convey social information to their infants
