Test 2 Flashcards
What does the mitochondria require for energy?
Oxygen
How does chloride get in and out of the cell?
Passive transport: facilitated diffusion
What are ions?
atom or molecule that lost or gained electrons
What is transcription?
turning DNA into RNA
What is a cofactor, and give an example of one?
combines with an enzyme to activate them ex: copper, ion, zinc
What is the order of the cell cycle?
Interphase, Mitosis, Cytokenisis
What is responsible for the flexibility of the cell?
The phospholipid bilayer
What is the main differences of DNA and RNA
sugars and their bases
Where are proteins made?
Ribosome
What is the starting codon for all proteins?
AUG
An amino acid is made up of how many nucleotides?
3 for each amino acid
What is the significant difference between an organism that is 99.9% the same?
There is not enough to know the difference
What is a selectin?
Cellular Adhesion molecule that coats white blood cells
What part of the genome codes for proteins?
Exome
When does synthesis of polypeptide chain stop?
when a specific stop codon is encountered
Difference between translation vs transcription?
Translation: yields amino acids
Transcription: yields mRNA
What is significant about stem cells?
They can replicate themselves
What is a nucleotide made up of?
Phosphate and a ribose in the uracil
What happens to enzymes when they are released and what kind of reaction is it?
They can be recycled and used over and over and it is a catalyzed reaction
What is a mutation?
Error in a DNA sequence
What is hydrolosis?
water splitting (catabolic reaction)
What kindve reaction is dehydration synthesis?
anabolic reaction
Order of the genome?
Nitrogenous base, nucleotide, gene, chromosome, genome
When do the centromeres of the chromosome break apart in mitosis?
Anaphase
Why is DNA replicated?
So the daughter cells get the same genetic code
Apoptosis
programmed cell death
When is DNA replicated
S phase of interphase
What can vesicles be formed by?
cell membrane
What is the function of the nucleus?
Brain of the cell
What do the chromosomes attach to?
Centromere
Osmosis
movement of water where there is higher solution of impermeable solute
What are the 3 major parts of the cell?
nucleus, cell membrane, cytoplasm
What genes are studied for cancer?
Tumor suppressor genes and oncogenes
What part of the chromosome is the mitotic clock?
Telomeres
What type of RNA binds to the amino acids?
tRNA
What pathway is enzyme-controlled reactions in?
Metabolic pathway
Do smooth or rough ER have ribosomes
Rough ER
What do you start and end with in the anaerobic cellular respiration?
Glucose and end with 2 pyruvic acids
Where is the mitochondria located?
In the intercellular fluid (cytosol)
What does it mean if someone is lactose intolerant?
That person does not have the lactase enzyme to break down the sugar in lactose
What reaction only ends up with 23 chromsomes?
Meiosis
What do lysosomes and peroxisomes have to break down things?
Enzymes
What is the complimentary base paired to Thymine?
Adenine
How does sodium get on the outside of the cell?
Active transport
What causes cystic fibrosis?
Abnormal chloride channels
lysosomes
small membranous sacs that contain enzymes to break down proteins, carbs, nucleic acids, bacteria, debris
Is cytosol extra fluid?
no
Hypotonic solution
the cells gets bigger because water goes where the solute is highest (inside the cell)
What is cellular respirations purpose?
Create cellular energy
Where do mRNA and tRNA bind?
In the ribosome
What in the cell is most affected by genetic disorders?
Mitochondria
Phagocytosis
Solid particles
How are simple and facilitated diffusion similar?
they use no energy and move from high to low
What is the product of the citric acid cycle per glucose?
2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2
Where do aerobic reactions occur
Mitochondria
Lack of blood cells will result in?
Necrosis
Name the process by which genetic info within a mRNA strand is turned into a polypeptide bond?
Translation
Endocytosis vs exocytosis
Endo is the movement of a substance into the cell inside a vesicle, and exo is the releases of them
Bases for RNA
AUGC (single strand)
Rule for ETC
1 NADH= 3 ATP
1 FADH2= 2 ATP
Overall products of cellular respiration
C02, H20, energy
60% heat
40% energy
Yield 38 ATP
