test 2

Question 1

How many high poverty neighborhoods are there in the U.S.?
A) 1,000
B) 10,000
C) 13,000
D) 20,000

Answer 1

C) 13,000

Question 2

Which of the following concepts refers to the effects of a neighborhood on its residents?
A) Contextual effects
B) Structural effects
C) Social mobility
D) Economic variance

Answer 2

A) Contextual effects

Question 3

What term describes residential segregation that occurs without legal enforcement?
A) De jure segregation
B) De facto segregation
C) Institutional segregation
D) Systemic segregation

Answer 3

B) De facto segregation

Question 4

Which mechanism is NOT associated with creating residential segregation?
A) Redlining
B) Restrictive covenants
C) Public housing initiatives
D) Urban renewal

Answer 4

C) Public housing initiatives

Question 5

What does “environmental racism” refer to?
A) Racial inequalities in environmental policy
B) Economic disparities in environmental impact
C) Both A and B
D) None of the above

Answer 5

C) Both A and B

Question 6

What are “sacrifice zones”?
A) Areas with high levels of economic activity
B) Neighborhoods with significant environmental hazards
C) Regions designated for wildlife conservation
D) Urban areas undergoing revitalization

Answer 6

B) Neighborhoods with significant environmental hazards

Question 7

Which of the following is a characteristic of Superfund sites?
A) They are areas designated for new housing developments.
B) They are contaminated sites requiring long-term clean-up.
C) They are protected natural habitats.
D) They are areas with low poverty rates.

Answer 7

B) They are contaminated sites requiring long-term clean-up.

Question 8

What does the term “social determinants of health” refer to?
A) Genetic factors affecting health
B) Environmental influences on health outcomes
C) Societal conditions that affect health
D) All of the above

Answer 8

C) Societal conditions that affect health

Question 9

The U.S. infant mortality rate is:
A) Higher than the OECD average
B) Lower than the OECD average
C) The same as the OECD average
D) Unavailable for comparison

Answer 9

A) Higher than the OECD average

Question 10

Life expectancy trends in the U.S. show disparities based on:
A) Sex/gender
B) Race/ethnicity
C) Socioeconomic status
D) All of the above

Answer 10

D) All of the above

Question 11

The U.S. healthcare payment system is primarily characterized by:
A) A single-payer system
B) Universal coverage
C) Employer-based insurance
D) Free healthcare for all

Answer 11

C) Employer-based insurance

Question 12

What is the achievement gap?
A) Differences in funding between schools
B) Disparities in academic performance among groups
C) Gaps in teacher qualifications
D) Variations in school facilities

Answer 12

B) Disparities in academic performance among groups

Question 13

Structural causes of education inequality include:
A) Family income
B) School funding disparities
C) Neighborhood conditions
D) All of the above

Answer 13

D) All of the above

Question 14

The U.S. rate of violent crime has:
A) Increased steadily
B) Decreased over the past few decades
C) Remained constant
D) Increased during certain periods

Answer 14

B) Decreased over the past few decades

Question 15

General trends in U.S. educational spending per pupil indicate:
A) Spending has increased significantly
B) Spending has decreased significantly
C) Spending has remained constant
D) Spending varies widely by state

Answer 15

A) Spending has increased significantly

Question 16

Trends in U.S. incarceration rates show:
A) A steady decline over the past decade
B) An increase, particularly since the 1980s
C) No significant change
D) Fluctuations based on economic conditions

Answer 16

B) An increase, particularly since the 1980s

Question 17

What does the 8th Amendment address?
A) Freedom of speech
B) Protection against cruel and unusual punishment
C) Right to bear arms
D) Right to a fair trial

Answer 17

B) Protection against cruel and unusual punishment

Question 18

Factors explaining the incarceration boom in the U.S. include:
A) Stricter sentencing laws
B) War on Drugs policies
C) Socioeconomic disparities
D) All of the above

Answer 18

D) All of the above

Question 19

General trends in drug-related arrests indicate:
A) Decrease in arrests for all substances
B) Increase in arrests for marijuana
C) Consistent rates of arrests across all drug types
D) Increase in arrests for prescription drugs

Answer 19

B) Increase in arrests for marijuana

Question 20

As of 2020, the number of people incarcerated in the U.S. is approximately:
A) 500,000
B) 1 million
C) 2 million
D) 5 million

Answer 20

C) 2 million

Question 21

The number of people under correctional control in the U.S. in 2020 was approximately:
A) 2 million
B) 4 million
C) 6 million
D) 8 million

Answer 21

C) 6 million

Question 22

Felon disenfranchisement laws primarily affect:
A) Voting rights of individuals with felony convictions
B) Employment opportunities
C) Access to housing
D) All of the above

Answer 22

A) Voting rights of individuals with felony convictions

Question 23

Which of the following is a primary reason people fail to attain help with legal problems?
A) Lack of knowledge about the legal system
B) High legal fees
C) Fear of repercussions
D) All of the above

Answer 23

D) All of the above

Question 24

The relationship between educational outcomes and socioeconomic status suggests that:
A) Higher income generally leads to better educational outcomes
B) Education has no correlation with income
C) Lower income always results in poor educational outcomes
D) Education is solely determined by parental involvement

Answer 24

A) Higher income generally leads to better educational outcomes

Question 25

What is a key factor contributing to environmental injustice? A) Equal distribution of resources B) Proximity to hazardous waste sites C) Urban planning efforts D) Community activism

Answer 25

B) Proximity to hazardous waste sites

Question 26

Which demographic trend is observed in U.S. incarceration rates? A) Decreasing rates among all racial groups B) Increasing rates among minority populations C) Equal rates across demographics D) Increasing rates among older adults

Answer 26

B) Increasing rates among minority populations

Question 26

The term "zipcode destiny" refers to: A) The impact of geographic location on life outcomes B) The effects of climate on health C) The relationship between education and income D) None of the above

Answer 26

A) The impact of geographic location on life outcomes

Question 27

Which of the following best describes environmental sociology? A) The study of environmental policies B) The examination of societal impacts on the environment C) The analysis of biological factors affecting the environment D) None of the above

Answer 27

B) The examination of societal impacts on the environment

Question 28

What are the collateral consequences of felony convictions? A) Loss of voting rights B) Difficulty securing employment C) Social stigma D) All of the above

Answer 28

D) All of the above

Question 29

Which of the following is true about the U.S. healthcare system? A) It is entirely publicly funded. B) It relies heavily on private insurance. C) It guarantees universal coverage. D) It has no out-of-pocket expenses.

Answer 29

B) It relies heavily on private insurance.

Question 30

The relationship between race and neighborhood economic inequality suggests: A) Economic status is evenly distributed among races B) Minority communities are often economically disadvantaged C) Economic inequality has no racial implications D) All neighborhoods experience the same economic challenges

Answer 30

B) Minority communities are often economically disadvantaged

Question 31

Which of the following factors contributes to the achievement gap? A) School funding disparities B) Cultural differences C) Access to resources D) All of the above

Answer 31

D) All of the above

Question 32

What is the primary focus of the article "Genes Don’t Cause Racial-Health Disparities, Society Does"? A) Genetic explanations for health outcomes B) The role of societal factors in health disparities C) The impact of diet on health D) None of the above

Answer 32

B) The role of societal factors in health disparities

Question 33

How do "sacrifice zones" typically affect community health? A) They improve overall well-being. B) They have no impact on health. C) They contribute to higher rates of illness and disease. D) They are beneficial for economic development.

Answer 33

C) They contribute to higher rates of illness and disease.

Question 34

Which of the following is a significant trend in U.S. life expectancy? A) No differences based on race/ethnicity B) Women tend to live longer than men C) Life expectancy is increasing for all demographics D) Life expectancy is lower in urban areas

Answer 34

B) Women tend to live longer than men

Question 35

What is a common misconception about crime rates in the U.S.? A) Actual crime rates have decreased in recent years. B) Perceptions of crime often exceed reality. C) Violent crime is more prevalent in affluent areas. D) Crime rates are uniform across the country.

Answer 35

B) Perceptions of crime often exceed reality.

Question 36

The article "Your Neighborhood May Influence Your COVID-19 Risk" discusses: A) Environmental factors affecting health B) The impact of socioeconomic status on health outcomes C) The relationship between community resources and health risk D) All of the above

Answer 36

D) All of the above

Question 37

In the context of the U.S. education system, what does "structural inequality" refer to? A) Differences in curriculum B) Inequitable funding and resource allocation C) Variations in teacher quality D) All of the above

Answer 37

B) Inequitable funding and resource allocation

Question 38

The U.S. rate of homicide has: A) Consistently decreased since the 1990s B) Increased in certain urban areas C) Remained stable across demographics D) Decreased significantly in rural areas

Answer 38

B) Increased in certain urban areas

Question 39

Which of the following is a reason for the increase in drug-related arrests? A) Increased public awareness of drug issues B) Policy shifts towards harsher penalties C) Improved rehabilitation programs D) None of the above

Answer 39

B) Policy shifts towards harsher penalties

Question 40

Which of the following does NOT typically contribute to residential segregation? A) Economic disparities B) Personal choice C) Housing policies D) Cultural preferences

Answer 40

B) Personal Choice

Question 41

What is a primary focus of environmental injustice discussions? A) Economic growth in urban areas B) Equal access to green spaces C) Disproportionate exposure of marginalized communities to environmental hazards D) Urban planning strategies

Answer 41

C) Disproportionate exposure of marginalized communities to environmental hazards

Question 42

The term "environmental inequality" refers to: A) Unequal distribution of environmental benefits B) Disparities in exposure to environmental risks C) Both A and B D) None of the above

Answer 42

C) Both A and B

Question 43

Which of the following is a characteristic of the U.S. healthcare system? A) It is fully government-funded. B) It is largely privatized with significant out-of-pocket costs. C) It guarantees coverage for all citizens. D) It has no disparities in access.

Answer 43

B) It is largely privatized with significant out-of-pocket costs.

Question 44

The relationship between incarceration rates and crime rates generally shows: A) Higher incarceration rates correlate with lower crime rates. B) Lower incarceration rates correlate with higher crime rates. C) Incarceration rates have no effect on crime rates. D) They are directly proportional.

Answer 44

A) Higher incarceration rates correlate with lower crime rates.

Question 45

Which demographic group is most affected by felony disenfranchisement? A) Young adults B) Racial minorities C) Elderly citizens D) Low-income families

Answer 45

B) Racial minorities

Question 46

In discussions about education, what does "equity" refer to? A) Equal funding for all schools B) Fair access to educational resources based on need C) Uniform curriculum across all schools D) Standardized testing for all students

Answer 46

B) Fair access to educational resources based on need

Question 47

What is a common outcome for individuals from high-poverty neighborhoods? A) Higher rates of educational attainment B) Increased access to healthcare C) Greater likelihood of experiencing health disparities D) None of the above

Answer 47

C) Greater likelihood of experiencing health disparities

Question 48

The term "collateral consequences" in the context of felony convictions typically refers to: A) Legal penalties B) Additional hardships faced after incarceration C) Benefits of rehabilitation D) Direct consequences of the crime

Answer 48

B) Additional hardships faced after incarceration

Question 49

Which of the following best describes the trends in U.S. educational spending? A) Spending is equal across all states. B) Spending has generally increased, but disparities remain. C) Spending has decreased over the past decade. D) Spending is irrelevant to educational outcomes.

Answer 49

B) Spending has generally increased, but disparities remain.