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NATS 1575 FORENSICS > Test 2 > Flashcards

Test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Physical properties describe?

A

A substance without reference to any other substance

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2
Q

A chemical property describes?

A

the behaviour of a substance when it reacts or combines with another substance

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3
Q

An element is

A

the simplest substance that provides the building block from which all matter is composed

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4
Q

Matter is

A

Anything that has a mass and occupies space

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5
Q

Matter can be classified according to

A

Solid-definite shape and volume
Liquid-specific volume shape of container
Gas/vapor neither definite shape nor volume

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6
Q

Temperature is a measure of

A

Heat intensity or hotness or coldness of a substance

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7
Q

What is the most commonly used temperature scale

A

Celsius scale

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8
Q

The celsius scale is derived by assigning the freezing point of water of a value of ___ degrees and a boiling point of a value of ____ degrees

A

0
100

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9
Q

Mass refers to

A

The amount of matter an object contains independent of gravity

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10
Q

The mass of an object is determined by

A

Comparison to the known mass of standard objects

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11
Q

Density is defined as

A

pass per unit volume (D= M/V)

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12
Q

Density remains __________ regardless of sample size

A

The same

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13
Q

What is considered a characteristic property of a substance and can be used as an aid in identification

A

Density

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14
Q

What causes light waves to bend?

A

After traveling at a constant velocity it travels until they penetrate and slow into another medium such as glass or water

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15
Q

The bending of light waves because of a change in velocity is called

A

Refraction

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16
Q

Light is refracted when it

A

Travels obliquely from one medium to another

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17
Q

Density and Refraction are _________ and will serve to characterize a ____________

A

intensive properties
substance

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18
Q

Crystalline solids have definite geometric forms because

A

of the orderly arrangement of their atoms

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19
Q

Crystalline solids refract a beam of light in 2 different light-ray components which results in

A

Double refraction

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20
Q

Birefringence is

A

the numerical difference between crystalline double refraction

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21
Q

Are all solids crystalline in nature?

A

No, glass has a random arrangement of atoms to form an amorphous or noncrystalline solid

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22
Q

What two models describe the behaviour of light

A
  1. Light is described as a continuous wave
  2. Light is depicted as a stream of discrete energy particles
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23
Q

Waves are described in terms such as

A

Wavelength
Frequency

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24
Q

What is Wavelength

A

the distance between two successive crests (or one trough to next trough)

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25
Q

What is Frequency

A

the number of crests (or troughs) passing any one given point per unit of time

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26
Q

Frequency and Wavelength are _______________ to each other

A

inversely proportional

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27
Q

Longer toughs means the frequency is _________
Shorter waves means the frequency is __________

A

Lower
Higher

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28
Q

Coherent Radiation

A

The photons oscillate at the same frequency

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29
Q

Incoherent Radiation

A

The photons oscillate at different frequencies.

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30
Q

Glass is composed of

A

Silicon oxides (sand) mixed with various metal oxides

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31
Q

What is added to sand to lower its melting point

A

Sodium carbonate (soda)

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32
Q

What is added to sand to prevent glass from dissolving in water

A

Calcium carbonate (lime)

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33
Q

What is it called when molten glass is cooled in a bath of molten tin

A

Float glass

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34
Q

Tempered glass is stronger than normal glass due to

A

the rapid heating and cooling of the glass surfaces

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35
Q

Laminated glass has

A

A layer of plastic between two pieces of ordinary window glass

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36
Q

What is the problem of glass comparison in forensic science

A

The need to find and measure those properties that will associate one glass fragment with another

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37
Q

What two physical properties when comparing glass fragments must a forensic scientist evaluate

A
  1. Densities
  2. Refractive index
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38
Q

What is the floatation method?

A

Precise and rapid method for comparing glass densities

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39
Q

What occurs during the floatation method

A
  1. A glass particle is immersed in a liquid
  2. The density of the liquid is adjusted by the addition of small amounts of an appropriate liquid until the glass chip remains suspended in the liquid
  3. The glass will have the same density as the liquid medium and can be compared to other relevant pieces of glass which will remain suspended, sink, or float
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40
Q

What is the Glass immersion method?

A

Used to determine a glass fragments refractive index

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41
Q

What occurs during the Glass Immersion Method

A

Immersing a glass particle in a liquid medium whose refractive index is varied until it is equal to that of the glass particle

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42
Q

What is The Becke line

A

A bright halo near the border of a particle that is immersed in a liquid of a different refractive index

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42
Q

What is the match point?

A

When the Becke line disappears and minimum contrast between liquid and particle is observed

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43
Q

Radical fractures

A

Crack that radiates outward

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44
Q

Concentric fractures

A

Fractures forming in a circular pattern around the point of impact

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45
Q

What is the 3R Rule when analyzing cracks

A

Radial cracks form a Right angle on the Reverse side of the force

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46
Q

Glass fragments should be packaged in

A

Solid containers

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47
Q

A drug can be defined as

A

A natural or synthetic substance that is used to produce physiological or psychological effects in humans

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48
Q

Psychological dependence

A

Stems from conditioned use of a drug caused by emotional needs

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49
Q

Physical dependence

A

is a physiological need for a drug brought about by regular use and characterized by withdrawal sickness when the drugs stop

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50
Q

What two drugs whose regular use do not lead to physical dependence?

A

Marijuana and cocaine

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51
Q

What are analgesics

A

Relieve pain by a depressing action on the central nervous system

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52
Q

What do analgesics or Narcotics affect

A

Blood pressure, pulse rate and breathing rate

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53
Q

Morphine

A

extracted from opium and is used to synthesize heroin

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54
Q

Heroin

A

High that causes drowsiness and a sense of well-being that generally last 3-4 hours

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55
Q

Codeine

A

Present in opium but its usually prepared synthetically from morphine

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56
Q

Oxycontin

A

Is not derived from opium or morphine but does have the same physiological effects on the body as opium narcotics

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57
Q

Methadone

A

Is a synthetic opiate and related to heroin
Eliminates addicts desire for heroin while producing minimal side effects

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58
Q

What is the difference between codeine/heroin to morphine

A

Codeine and heroin have less analgesic and sedative effects

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59
Q

Hallucinogens

A

Cause changes in normal thought processes, perceptions, and moods

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60
Q

THC-rich resin is known as

A

Hashish

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61
Q

THC concentration ranges from

A

8-14%

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62
Q

Hashish oil ranges from

A

15-50%

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63
Q

LSD

A

Derived from a fungus, ergot

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64
Q

How potent is LSD

A

Highly potent
.25 milligrams is enough to cause hallucinations

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65
Q

Synesthesia

A

sound appearing as hallucinatory visions

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66
Q

Phencyclidine (PCP)

A

Is a hallucinogen and mixed with other drugs and sold as powder, capsule, or tablet

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67
Q

What are the effects of PCP

A

First feelings of strength and invulnerability which turn into depression, tendencies toward violence, and suicide

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68
Q

Depressants

A

Depress the functions of the central nervous system
Calm irritability and anxiety and may induce sleep

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69
Q

Barbiturates

A

“Downers”
Taken orally and create feeling of well-being, relax body and produce sleep

70
Q

Tranquilizers

A

produce a relaxing tranquility without impairment of high-thinking faculties or inducing sleep

71
Q

Stimulants

A

injected intravenously, cause initial rush, followed by pleasure then prolonged feeling of depression

72
Q

Who was the pioneering psychologist (famous) who created quite a sensation in European medical circles by describing his experiments

A

Wilhelm Wundt

73
Q

Crack

A

Is cocaine mixed with baking soda and water then heated

74
Q

What is created when cocaine and heroin are combined

A

Speedball

75
Q

Is Cocaine water soluble?

A

It is an ionic salt and IS water soluble

76
Q

Is Crack Cocaine water soluble?

A

Is a neutral molecule that is insoluble in water

77
Q

How is cocaine made?

A

Cocaine is an amine (base-B) that is extracted from crushed leaves of a coca plant by treating with hydrochloric acid (HCI)

78
Q

What are the steps in producing various forms of cocaine from raw coca plant?

A
  1. Soak coca leaves in solvents to extract cocaine.
  2. Crush leaves, add alcohol to remove impurities.
  3. Wash and treat with kerosene to yield coca paste (60% pure).
  4. Coca paste isn’t water-soluble, so it’s not injectable.
  5. Treat with acid to make water-soluble hydrochloride salt.
  6. Treat with baking soda to get freebase or crack cocaine.
79
Q

How do Neurotransmitters work as Chemical Messengers

A
  1. Picking an impulse, a nerve cell releases neurotransmitters into the synaptic area
  2. Neurotransmitters migrate to a second nerve cell and bind to receptor sites
  3. Receptor site binding results in the production of a signal in the second cell
  4. Neurotransmitters are released from receptor sites and can travel back to the original cell
80
Q

What is Half-life

A

Is the amount of time required for one half of a substance to react

81
Q

What is half-life in pharamceuticals

A

How long it takes for one half of the drug to be eliminated from the body

82
Q

What is the half-life of caffeine

A

4 hours

83
Q

What is the half-life of nicotine

A

2.5 hours

84
Q

What is the half-life of cocaine before it is metabolized

A

45 minutes

85
Q

What is the half-life of THC?

A

19 hours
total clearance of THV involves 2 weeks

86
Q

What is the half-life of LSD

A

3 hours

87
Q

What are the effects of Ecstasy

A

Enhances self-awareness and decreases inhibitions

88
Q

What are the effects of Ecstasy when abused

A

seizures, muscle breakdown, stroke, kidney failure, and cardiovascular system failure

89
Q

What are the effects of Ketamine?

A

Causes euphoria and hallucinations
Can also cause impaired motor functions, high blood pressure, amnesia, and mild respiratory depression

90
Q

Anabolic Steroids

A

Synthetic compounds that are chemically related to the male sex hormone testosterone

91
Q

What does the the Controlled Substance Act illustrate

A

A legal drug-classification system created to prevent and control drug abuse

92
Q

The Controlled Substance Act establishes 5 schedules of classification for controlled dangerous substances on the basis of a drugs:

A

Potential for abuse
Potential for physical and psychological dependence
Medical value

93
Q

What is Schedule 1 of drug Classification

A

Schedule 1 drugs have a high potential for abuse and have no currently accepted medical use such as heroin, marijuana, methaqualone, and LSD

94
Q

What is Schedule 2 of drug Classification

A

Schedule 2 drugs have a high potential for abuse and have medical use with a severe restriction such as cocaine, PCP, and most amphetamine and barbiturate prescriptions. Dronabinol, the synthetic equivalent of the active ingredient in marijuana is placed in Schedule 2 by virtue of its use in treating glaucoma and chemotherapy patients

95
Q

What is Schedule 3 of drug Classification

A

Schedule 3 drugs have less potential for abuse and a currently accepted medical use such as all barbiturate prescriptions not covered under Schedule 2, such as codeine and anabolic steroids

96
Q

What is Schedule 4 of drug Classification

A

Schedule 4 drugs have a low potential for abuse and have current medical use such as Darvon, phenobarbital, and some tranquilizers such as diazepam (Valium) and chlordiazepoxide (Librium)

97
Q

What is Schedule 5 of drug Classification

A

Schedule 5 drugs must show low abuse potential and have medical use such as opiate drug mixtures that contain non-narcotic medicinal ingredients

98
Q

What are the two phases in analyzing drugs

A
  1. Screening test: that is non-specific and preliminary in nature to reduce the possibilities to a manageable number
  2. Confirmation test: that is a single test that specifically identifies a substance
99
Q

Maruis test

A

Used for opium derivatives

100
Q

What are the colors for the Maruis Drug Test?

A

Purple: heroin and opium
Orange brown: amphetamines

101
Q

Dillie Koppanyi test

A

Barbituates turn blue

102
Q

Duquenois Levine

A

Marijuana turn purple

103
Q

Scott test

A

Cocaine turns blue
HCI turns colorless or light pink
Chloroform blue colour reappears

104
Q

Van Urk

A

LSD turns blue purple

105
Q

Preliminary Analysis: Mircocrystalline test

A

Identify specific drugs by studying the size and shape of crystals formed when the drug is mixed with specific reagents

106
Q

Conformational Determination

A

Once the preliminary analysis is completed this is pursued to identify a drug substance and exclude all other substances

107
Q

What are typically used to specifically identify a drug substance

A

infrared spectrophotometry or gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

108
Q

What is the basic principle behind chromatography?

A

Chromatography relies on the tendency of chemical substances to escape into their surroundings when dissolved in a liquid or adsorbed on a solid

109
Q

How do molecules reach equilibrium between liquid and gas phases?

A

When a liquid is covered, molecules escape into the air above, accumulate, and eventually reach equilibrium.

110
Q

How does equilibrium occur

A

Equilibrium occurs when the rate of molecules leaving the liquid equals the rate returning.

111
Q

How does chromatography help in separating mixtures?

A

Chromatography separates and identifies components of a mixture based on their distribution between the moving and stationary phases

112
Q

What are some common uses of chromatography?

A

Chromatography is vital for biochemists to separate mixtures, analyze flavors, scents, pollutants, and detect drug traces.
Forensic scientists use it to analyze evidence, and food scientists check if color additives comply with legal standards.

113
Q

TLC- Thin Layer Chromatography

A

uses a solid stationary phase usually coated onto a glass plate and a mobile liquid phase to separate the components of the mixture
TLC is a rapid, qualitative analytical method

114
Q

What are the properties of the absorbent and solvent used for in TLC?

A

Pull the components up the plate

115
Q

What happens when the liquid gets pulled up the plate

A

It will slowly rise up the plate by capillary action causing the sample to become distributed between the stationary phase and the moving liquid phase

116
Q

Since most compounds are colourless how do we see the materials?

A

Placing plates under ultraviolet light or spraying the plate with a chemical reagent

117
Q

The distance a spot travels up a thin-layer plate is known as?

A

the R value

118
Q

Fluorescence

A

Emission of light by a substance that has absorbed light or other electromagnetic radiation
Is a form of luminescence

119
Q

Gas Chromatography flow column

A
  1. Sample introduced via syringe into injection port
  2. A stream of nitrogen gas flows through injector carrying sample into column
  3. Here we have a thin film of liquid
  4. Here sample is separated in column and carrier gas and separated components emerge from column and enter detector
  5. Signals developed by detector activate recorder
  6. The recorder produces a trace of separation with elution time and peak area gives concentration
120
Q

What is the written record of the GC separation called?

A

Chromatogram

121
Q

What is the time required for a component to emerge from a GC column known as

A

Retention time

122
Q

What is the unique feature of mass spectrometry?

A

Under carefully controlled conditions, not two substances produce the same fragmentation pattern

123
Q

In mass spectrometer a beam of high energy electrons collide with material producing

A

Positively charged ions

124
Q

What is Mass Spectrometry

A

a tool useful for measuring the mass-to-charge ratio of one or more molecules present in a sample

125
Q

What is the connection between Gas Chromatography column and the mass spectrometer

A

Allows each component to flow into the mass spectrometer as it emerges from the GC

126
Q

Spectrophotometry

A

Measures the quality of radiation that a particular material absorbs as a function of wavelength and frequency

127
Q

Beers Law

A

a more concentrated solution absorbs more light than a more dilute solution does.

128
Q

Currently, what do most forensic laboratories use to characterize chemical compounds

A

UV and IR spectrophotometers

129
Q

Between the UV and IR spectrum what gives the best result?

A

IR spectrum provides a far more complex pattern

130
Q

Spectrophotometer

A

The instrument used to measure and record the absorption spectrum of a chemical substance

131
Q

What are the components of spectrophotometer

A

A radiation source
A monochromator or frequency selector
A sample holder
A detector to convert electromagnetic radiation into an electrical signal
A recorder to produce a record of the signal

132
Q

Where can Absorption spectra be done

A

in visible, ultraviolet (UV) or infrared (IR) regions

133
Q

Forensic toxicologists

A

responsibility for detecting and identifying the presence of drugs and poisons in body fluids, tissues, and organs

134
Q

Where does alcohol affect?

A

The central nervous system, the brain

135
Q

What is alcohols fate in the human body

A

Absorption
Distribution
Elimination

136
Q

How quickly does alcohol enter the bloodstream?

A

Alcohol appears in the blood within minutes after drinking.

137
Q

What happens as alcohol absorbs?

A

BAC increases until all alcohol is absorbed, then starts to decrease.

138
Q

How long does absorption take?

A

On an empty stomach, it takes 30-90 minutes; with a full stomach, 2-4 hours.

139
Q

Does the type of drink matter?

A

Yes, drinks like beer absorb more slowly due to carbohydrates, leading to a lower peak BAC.

140
Q

Where does alcohol go after absorption?

A

It spreads evenly across watery parts of the body, making up about two-thirds of body volume.

141
Q

What if blood isn’t available for BAC testing?

A

Other body fluids like brain tissue, cerebrospinal fluid, or vitreous humor can be used to estimate BAC.

142
Q

How does the body eliminate alcohol?

A

Mainly through oxidation in the liver, where enzymes break alcohol into carbon dioxide and water.

143
Q

Is all alcohol oxidized?

A

No, about 5% is excreted unchanged in breath, urine, and sweat.

144
Q

What is BAC?

A

BAC is measured as percent weight per volume; for instance, 0.10% BAC is 0.10 grams per 100 milliliters of blood.

145
Q

How fast does BAC decrease?

A

he average rate is 0.015% per hour; at 0.10% BAC, it takes about 6.5 hours to return to zero.

146
Q

What is BAC? How is it measured?

A

BAC indicates alcohol level in blood, detectable by blood or breath.

147
Q

What is the legal BAC limit for driving?

A

The U.S. legal limit is 0.08%.

148
Q

How does alcohol enter the bloodstream?

A

Alcohol absorbs from the stomach/intestines.

149
Q

How does alcohol circulate in the body?

A

It travels via the blood, processed by the liver, then reaches the lungs for exchange with breath.

150
Q

How do breath testers work?

A

They measure BAC by infrared absorption or fuel cells.

151
Q

Why is breath temperature important?

A

At 34°C, the blood-to-breath alcohol ratio (2,100:1) enables BAC estimation.

152
Q

What is a field sobriety test?

A

Officers assess physical impairment.

153
Q

Are roadside breath testers reliable in court?

A

Portable testers provide preliminary results but aren’t admissible as proof.

154
Q

How do labs analyze blood alcohol?

A

Forensics use gas chromatography; clinical labs use auto-analyzers.

155
Q

What chemical reactions are involved in testing BAC?

A

Alcohol is converted by enzymes for analysis.

156
Q

How is blood collected and preserved?

A

Blood is taken under medical conditions, with anticoagulants, and stored properly.

157
Q

Why is proper preservation necessary?

A

Incorrect storage can alter BAC, especially in deceased samples.

158
Q

What laws regulate BAC for drivers?

A

A BAC over 0.08% is legally intoxicated.

159
Q

What is “implied consent”?

A

Drivers must agree to testing or risk license suspension.

160
Q

What does a toxicologist analyze?

A

Toxicologists examine fluids for drugs or poisons.

161
Q

What challenges do toxicologist face?

A

They work with complex substances, often altered within the body.

162
Q

How is drug detection conducted?

A

Screening
Confirmation

163
Q

What’s the first step of the Analytical Scheme?

A

Screening, a preliminary test for potential drug presence

164
Q

Whats the second step of the Analytical Scheme?

A

The confirmation test has chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) is generally accepted as the confirmation test of choice

165
Q

What are the most widely used screening tests?

A

TLC and GC

166
Q

In the Confirmation Step what do the GC and MS do?

A

The GC separates the sample into its components, while the MS represents a unique “fingerprint” pattern that can be used for identification

167
Q

What do toxicologists evaluate?

A

Drug effects on behavior and physical state

168
Q

What factors influence interpretation?

A

Dosage, tolerance, and personal health

169
Q

How does hair analysis track drug use?

A

Drugs present in blood diffuse through the capillary walls into the base of the hair and become permanently entrapped in the hairs hardening protein structure

170
Q

Can hair reveal a timeline?

A

As the hair continues to grow, the drugs location on the hair shaft becomes a historical marker for delineating drug intake

171
Q

How are poisons like metals detected?

A

Heavy metals are detected by copper strip tests.

172
Q

How is carbon monoxide measured?

A

Spectrophotometry or gas chromatography measures its blood concentration.

NATS 1575 FORENSICS (3 decks)

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