TEST 2 Flashcards
PARAPHILIA CLINICAL DEF (WHAT 2 THINGS ARE NEEDED)
- HAS AN ATYPICAL INTEREST
- HAS TO CREATE STRESS AND OR HARM
PARAPHILIA THEORIES NEED TO ACCOUNT FOR:
- EARLY ONSET
- Fantasies emerge mostly during adolescent, however there is evidence that at least for some- pre-orgasmic childhood
- Limited childhood memory
- STRONG ATTRACTION
- Episodic: may be stress related - DIVERSITY OF PARAPHILIC EXPRESSION
- Vary in the type and number of preferences
- Not unusual to have more than one - HUGE GENDER DIFFERENCE
- Paraphilias overwhelmingly male
- 3-7% in male, >1% in women - NEGATIVE EXPERIENCES
- More social anxiety/ depression
- Drug abuse
- could be a cause OR effect
HYPERSEXUALITY POSSIBLE EXPLANATIONS
- HYPERSEXUALITY
Ø High sensation seeking: higher threshold for sensory stimulation- THREAT DEFLECTION
Ø High sensory
Ø Innate tendency to relate more intensely to environmental stimuli
Ø Reach threshold quickly, and then anything beyond that becomes unpleasant
Ø Creates opiate response - AMPLIFYING FACTORS
- Emotions can be at play, but covering / not revealing theseB. ALEXITHYMIA
- Feeling something, but not sure where it’s coming from
- Hungry: you feel agitatedC. DEPRESSED AFFECT
- Low serotonin
- More likely to be aroused by something unconventional
- Sex as a self medicationD. COMPULSIVITYE. EXCLUSIVITY - THREAT DEFLECTION
S&M IN PRACTICE: PRINCIPLES
- “safe, sane and consensual”
Ø Avoids anything to do with ACTUAL victimization
Ø In order to get there it is a lot of training
Ø “how do you tie the knots, how do you whip without causing extensive pain”
Ø How to fulfill some of the goals without putting someone at risk emotional and physically
Ø Emphasis on self control
Ø Don’t usually take alcohol or drugs; need to be in the right head space
Ø Extensive pre-seen negotiation: “here’s what I like/ do not, safe word, what’s going to happen” etc
PERSONALITY TYPES OF PPL WHO ENGAGE IN THIS
Ø People who engage in this tend to be high functioning (oreo’s dunked in milk)
Ø More extroverted and outgoing
Ø Open to new experience
Ø Higher subjective sense of well-being
Ø Higher educated
2. PARAPHILIA "TRY-SEXUAL" OR NEITHER Ø Probably all of the above because it's not all the same Ø For some: may be paraphilia 3. SOURCES OF EXCITEMENT AND STIMULATION Ø Power dynamics Ø Majority (about half- 75%) prefer to SUB
REWARDS RELATING TO SUBBING
REWARDS RELATING TO SUBBING (PHYSICAL)
Ø Arousing (not always sexual but always arousing)
Ø Go where the nerve endings are
Ø Pain cue becomes conditioned to pleasure
Ø Sometimes the Reward has to do with the physical, sometimes psychological
Ø For some: reward might come with power
Ø Painful pleasure kind of like runner’s high
SOURCES OF REWARDS (3)
SOURCES OF REWARD
1. THE CONNECTION OF PAIN AND PLEASURE
Ø Can be connected to erotic cues
Ø Less pain sensitivity
2. THE EXPERIENCE OF AN ALTERED STATE Ø Comes from intense stimulation Ø Disconnection from body Ø Brain shuts down Ø Difficulty speaking 3. GAINING OR REGAINING CONTROL- THERAPY? (LINDEMAN, 2011) Ø Looked at professional doms: - Almost all had high school - 40% graduate degree Ø Suggests that this is not being done by people who have no other choice Ø SO: framed as therapy'
DIFFERENT WAYS TO EXPRESS (6)
Ø ALTERNATE TO SEXUAL REPRESSION
Ø ATONEMENT RITUAL Ø MASTERING TRAUMA - They are in control - Ex: breast feeding (my mother never loved me per say) - "I am now in control Ø 'REVITALIZATION THROUGH SHAME' - " I used to experience this, but now I can experience it and I can know that I am not that person anymore' Ø BREAK FROM RESPONSIBILITY - High social status/ education : everyday they must be responsible, people look to them for answers - So this is a way to express freedom / step out of that role Ø TOUCH AND TALK - Ties into nurturing - "I get taken care of" NONE ARE DIRECTLY SEXUAL
NEEDS FOR HYPER SEXUALIZATION DISORDER
A. >4 of these
1. Time consuming
2. Repetitive mood repair
3. Repetitive reaction to stress
4. Repetitive, unsuccessful control efforts
5. In spite of risks to self, others
B. Distress/ impairment - You feel bad about it C. Not due to alternative factors or conditions - You partner isn't making you do it, it is not a job either D. 18 or older
CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES
Ø See paraphilias (a lot of the same themes come up: is there neurotransmitter present, is there depression, not being able to name your emotions, histories of under or over sexualization)
Ø Although sources may be similar, there is important distinction: when you talk about compulsion, people FEEL LIKE: they aren’t necessarily making the choice (im not doing this because I want to)
Ø That’s not there for paraphilias, they are carefully chosen
Ø You are doing this despite the fact that there are negative outcomes, you wish you could stop, but you don’t\THE CONTROL ASPECT
POSSIBLE CONSEQUENCES (4)
- INTRAPERSONAL: emotional (guilt, distress, shame)
- Also a motivational piece (they have to keep this secret)
- “I am a different person and I have a different identity when I engage in this”
- INTERPERSONAL: withdrawal/ destabilization
- Idea of intimate relationships: it may cause problems with other people since you won’t get too involved with them because of risk discovery (you may be found out, and found out= rejection)
- If you’re in a relationship, its destabilized - FINANCIAL: including expense as well as employment
- In order to do it in secret, has the same quality as buying drugs (have to pay money to make this thing happen)
- Cover up where it came from, etc - PHYSICAL: disease, unwanted pregnancies, injury
- HIV positive gay men, rated with compulsion or non compulsive
- High compulsion: actually more desirable
- “bug chasers” where people were actually seeking HIV positive people
- Degrading activities were more common
SHERE HITE 1976 DATA
PERCENTAGE OF MEN WHO HAVE EVER WANTED TO RAPE A WOMAN (SHERE HITE, 1976 DATA)
Ø 4 different samples
- General anonymous sample (46%) - General non-anonymous sample (52%) - Military sample (66%) - Penthouse forum reader sample (67%)
TWO THEMES FOR RAPE
- The place and value of SEX
- Powerful drive
- Measure of self worth
- Part of self identity
- The place and value of WOMEN/ VICTIMS
- They are beneath you
- Source of sexual stimulation
- Legitimate objects of sexual fulfillment
CROSSING THE LINE: MOVING FROM “WANT TO” TO “HAVE DONE”
Ø Promoted by:
- Emotional state (ex: deprived, enraged, etc)
- Impaired self-regulation: might be harder to put on the breaks if you are impaired
- Antisocial mindset: “I matter more than you do”
- Fragile or poor self esteem
Ø Justified by (its not evil if it is justified) - Evil is intentional, unjustified harm - 'if you JUST have intentional, its not as bad" - Supportive context (ex: war, peer pressure, etc) - Feelings of entitlement, self deserving (victim) - Beneficial to victim
CLEMENTS - SCHREIBER AND REMPEL
Beliefs that men are sexually weak (items where more agreed than disagreed) - sample of women who agreed and disagreed with these items. There are seven.
* It’s easy for a women to sexually arouse a man if she really wants to (85 vs 15%) * The truth is that men enjoy getting sexual advances from women even when they don’t respond positively (68 vs 14%) * It is more difficult for men to tell the difference between love and lust (50 vs 27%) * Mos young men would appreciate a sexual opportunity with an older, more experienced women (48 vs 23%) * For men, sex is the most important part of a romantic relationship ( 46 vs 17%) * Women should be able to have sex when they want it( 44 vs 29%) * In general, men will do just about anything for a women who turns them on (38 vs 27%)- this ties in to sexual weakness- I own you now that your horny.
SEXUAL PRESSURE TACTICS
50% indicating “likely”, “very likely”, or “extremely likely”
* Manipulative tactics
* Indirect strategies- are pretty common, not a clear communication stragedy, could misinterpret.
touch him affectively (94%)
Arrange an opportunity to be alone with him (94%)
Pay a lot of attention to him (90%0
Kiss him passionately (82%)
Rub his back and shoulders (80%)
Dress in seductive way (78%)
Set a romantic mood with candlelight and music (71%)
Sit on his lap (64%)
Dance with him suggestively (59%)
* Direct expression Tell him verbally how turned on you are and how much you want him 60% Tell him directly that you want to have sex 50% * Direct physical strategies Let your hands wander around his body a little 76% undo his shirt and kiss or nibble his chest or stomach 61% Push him on the bed and undress him 64% undo his belt or pants
