Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Biologia > Test #2 > Flashcards

Test #2 Flashcards

1
Q

Escherichia coli

A

Found in the digestive tract, helps with digestion, makes essential vitamins, prevents the growth of dangerous germs, and shape the immune system.

elimindate by: cooking or ammonia

caused by: eating meat w/fecal contact

Some bad strains (found in animal intestines) may cause bloody diarrhea or even kidney failure, blindness, paralysis, and death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Organelle

A

Structure that carries out a specialized function inside a cell.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

All cells start with:

A
  1. plasma/cell membrane
  2. cytosol
  3. DNA
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

All cells have:

A
  1. plasma/cell membrane
  2. cytosol
  3. DNA
  4. ribosomes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

plasma membrane

A

Membrane that encloses a cell and separates it from the external environment. The basic structure includes the lipid bilayer.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

lipid bilayer

A

Double layer of phospholipids arranged tail-to-tail; structural foundation of all cell membranes.

inside: hydrophobic, outside: hydrophillic

phospholipid: lipid w/2 hydrophobic, nonpolar fatty acid tails + a hydrophillic, polar head that contains a phosphate group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Cytosol

A

Jelly-like mixture of water and solutes enclosed by the cell’s membrane. Useful for cell’s metabolism. Organelles are suspended in it.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Nucleus

A

Organelle that holds DNA. Cell’s control center.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

DNA

A

genetic instructions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Ribosome

A

Carries out protein synthesis.

protein synthesis: process of making proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Eukaryotic: Everything between the plasma membrane to the nucleus.
Prokaryotic: Everything enclosed in plasma membrane.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

+++++++++++++=

surface-to-volume ratio

A

Relationship in which the volume of an object increases with the cube of the diameter, and the surface area increases with the square.

limits cell size bc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

micrograph

A

Photo of an image enlarged with a microscope.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

light microscope

A

Illuminates a sample w/light.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

+++++++++++=

polarized light

A

may appear 3d

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

staining

A

Increases contrast so certain parts (that soak up the dye better) are more visible.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

fluorescent

A

Fluorescent dye binds and emits blue light after absorbing UV light.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

transmission electron

TEM

A

Reveals internal structures.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

scanning electron

SEM

A

Reveals external structures.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

cell theory

A
  1. all cells are alive
  2. all living organisms are composed of 1 or more cells (basic building block)
  3. all existing cells must have arisen from division of other cells.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

polar

A

A structure having an uneven distribution of electron density. Partially positive and partially negative charges.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Fluid Mosaic

A

Model of a cell membrane as a 2d fluid of mixed composition. They stay organized through hydrophobic or hydrophillic reactions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What determines a cell’s properties?

A
  1. fluidity: depends on length and saturation of phospolipids’ fatty acid tails; temperature; pH; and pressure.

Can be countered by: dramatically altering the composition of membranes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

proteins in a cell membrane

A
  1. adhesion proteins
  2. receptor proteins
  3. enzymes
  4. transport proteins
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
adhesion proteins
Fastens cells together. | Connects to filaments. Strengthens structure.
26
receptor proteins
trigger a change in cellular actitity in response to stimulus (may be a hormone that binds to receptor). | **re**ceptor, **re**gulates
27
enzymes
Speed up reactions.
28
transport proteins
Bind to molecules on one side of the membrane, and release them on the other side. Transport ions and polar molecules that would be unable to pass through hydrophobic core.
29
Prokaryotic
1. single celled 2. lack a nucleus | pro=no (nucleus), pro=before nucleus
30
structure of prokaryotes
**1. plasmids 2. cell wall 3. nucleoid (DNA) 4. capsule 5. pili 6. flagella** 7. cytoplasm 8. ribosomes 9.plasma membrane* | all cells have these
31
plasmids
Small circles of dna that carry a few genes. | Provides advantages like resistance to antibiotics.
32
nucleoid
Where DNA is located. An irregularly shaped region.
33
cell wall
Rigid permeable surface that surrounds the plasma membrane of some cells. | protects the shape, do NOT consist of lipids
34
capsule
Encloses the cell wall. Protects against predators and toxins. | antibiotics break capsule
35
pili | pilus (s.)
Protein filaments that help cells move along or cling to surfaces.
36
flagella | flagellum (s.)
Long, slender cellular structures used for motion.
37
biofilm
Community of microogranisms living within a shared mass of secreted slime. | algae, plaque, gastrointestinal tract, ## Footnote benefits: permanent scaffolding, break down toxic chem, one bacteria's waste can be another's treasure
38
Eukaryotic
1. nucleus 2. mitochondria 3. chloroplasts 4. endomembrane system (vesicles, ER, golgi body)
39
nucleus
Keeps cell DNA safe. Controls the passage of certain molecules across its membrane. ## Footnote nuclear envelope: controls the passage, layer nuclear pores: selects what molecules can pass through the envelope nuclear lamina: dense mesh o fibrous proteins that that support the inner bilayer
40
Alzheimers characteristics
1. amyloid plaques betwee brain cells 2. tau tangles inside the cells | have a protein called tau when amyloid fibrils are present, causes leaks ## Footnote amyloid plaques: tau tangles: fibrous clumps of misfolded proteins
41
mitochondria
Provokes aerobic respiration and makes ATP. ## Footnote like bacteria: have their own DNA, divde independently from the cell, have their own ribosomes (theory that they developed from bacteria)
42
chloroplasts
Provokes photosynthesis. | photosynthetic protists, derive from cyanobacteria ## Footnote two outer membranes enclosing a semifluid interior called STROMA, contains enzymes, and their own DNA. Thylakoid membrane:highly folded membrane forming a single continuous compartment, evolved from bacteria
43
Endomembrane system
Functions to make, modify, and transport lipids and proteins for the cell's membranes, and proteins for secretion to the external environment. Destroys toxins, recycles wastes, and has other special functions.
44
Vesicles
Sac that stores, transports, or breaks down their contents.
45
lysosomes
Ensyme-filled vesicle that breaks down cellular wastes and debris. | vesicles that contain digestive enzymes
46
endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
System of sacs and tubes that is an extension of the nuclear envelope. Smooth ER: makes phospholipids, stores calcium, and has additional functions Rough ER: ribosomes on its surface make proteins
47
golgi body | golgi apparatus
Modifies new proteins and lipids, then sorts the packages the finished products into vesicles.
48
active site
Pocket in an enzyme where substrates bind and a reaction occurs.
49
coenzyme
An organic cofactor.
50
cofactor
A metal ion or small non-protein organic molecule that associates with an enzyme and is necessary for its function.
51
substrate
Specific molecule that can bind to the enzyme's active site and be converted to a product. A reactant in an enzyme-mediated reaction.
52
electron transfer chain
Series of enzymes and other molecules in a cell membrane that accept and give up electrons in turn, thus releasing the energy of the electrons in steps.
53
feedback inhibition
Of a metabolic pathway, regulatory mechanism in which a reaction product slows or stops a pathway that produces it.
54
metabolic pathway
A series of enzyme-mediated reactions by which cells build, remodel, or break down an organic molecule.
55
phosphorylation
CHemical reaction in which an enzyme attaches a phosphate group to an organic molecule.
56
diffusion
The spontaneous spreading of molecules or atoms through a fluid or gas. | mayor --> menor
57
hypertonic
Describes a fluid that has a high overall solute concentration.
58
hypotonic
Describes a fluid that has a low overall solute concentration.
59
isotonic
Describes two fluids with identical solute concentrations.
60
osmosis
Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane.
61
active transport
Energy requiring mechanism in which transport protein pumps a solute across a cell membrane aginst the solute's concentration gradient. | umbrella term
62
facilitated diffusion
Passive transport mechanism in which a solute follows its concentration gradient across a membrane by moving through a transport protein.
63
passive transport
membrane-crossing mechanism that requires no energy input
64
turgor pressure
Pressure that a fluid exerts against a structure that contains it.
65
endocytosis
Process by which a cell takes in a small amount of extracellular fluid (and its contents) by ballooning inward of the plasma membrane.
66
exocytosis
Process by which a cell expels a vesicle's contents to the extracellular fluid.
67
phagocytosis
"Cell eating"; an endocyctic pathway by which a cell engulfs a large particle such as another cell.
68
autotroph
Producer. Organism that makes its own food using energy from the environment and carbon from CO2. | inorganic molecule
69
heterotroph
Consumer. Organism that obtains carbon from organic molecules. | organic molecule
70
photosynthesis
Metabolic pathway by which most autotrophs use the energy of light to make sugars from carbon dioxide and water. | 6CO2 + 6H2O → (light) C6H12O6 + 6O2
71
thylakoid membrane
Inner mmbrane system of chloroplasts and cyanobacteria; site of light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis.
72
stages of photosynthesis
1. photo: light/photon->chem (O2, coenzymes [ATP, NADPH]) 2. synthesis: coenzymes nrg->sugar | coenymes are recycled to work in photo
73
pigment
Organic molecule that can absorb light of certain wavelengths. Wavelengths that are not absorbed impart a characteristic color.
74
stomata | stoma (s.)
Closable **pores** on the surface of aboveground plant parts. When open, they allow the plant to exchange gases with air. When closed, they limit water loss.
75
stroma
*Cytosol-like fluid* between the thylakoid membrane and the two outer membranes of a chloroplast. | contains chloroplast's DNA + ribosomes light dependent reactions occur
76
wavelength
distance between two crests
77
aerobic
involving or requiring the prescence of oxygen.
78
aerobic respration
oxygen-requiring cellular respiration; breaks down glucose and produces ATP, carbon dioxide, and water.
79
cellular respiration
Any type of several pathways that break down organic molecules (typically glucose) to form ATP and include an electron transfer chain.
80
anaerobic
Ocurring in (or requiring) the abscence of oxygen.
81
fermentation
Any of several anaerobic pathways that break down organic molecules (typically glucose) to produce ATP without the use of an electron transfer chain.
82
glycolysis
Set if reactions that collectively convert one molecule of glucose to two molecules of pyruvate, for a net yield of two ATP and two NADH.

Biologia (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions