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Biologia > Test #2 > Flashcards

Test #2 Flashcards

1
Q

Escherichia coli

A

Found in the digestive tract, helps with digestion, makes essential vitamins, prevents the growth of dangerous germs, and shape the immune system.

elimindate by: cooking or ammonia

caused by: eating meat w/fecal contact

Some bad strains (found in animal intestines) may cause bloody diarrhea or even kidney failure, blindness, paralysis, and death

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2
Q

Organelle

A

Structure that carries out a specialized function inside a cell.

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3
Q

All cells start with:

A
  1. plasma/cell membrane
  2. cytosol
  3. DNA
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4
Q

All cells have:

A
  1. plasma/cell membrane
  2. cytosol
  3. DNA
  4. ribosomes
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5
Q

plasma membrane

A

Membrane that encloses a cell and separates it from the external environment. The basic structure includes the lipid bilayer.

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6
Q

lipid bilayer

A

Double layer of phospholipids arranged tail-to-tail; structural foundation of all cell membranes.

inside: hydrophobic, outside: hydrophillic

phospholipid: lipid w/2 hydrophobic, nonpolar fatty acid tails + a hydrophillic, polar head that contains a phosphate group

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7
Q

Cytosol

A

Jelly-like mixture of water and solutes enclosed by the cell’s membrane. Useful for cell’s metabolism. Organelles are suspended in it.

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8
Q

Nucleus

A

Organelle that holds DNA. Cell’s control center.

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9
Q

DNA

A

genetic instructions

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10
Q

Ribosome

A

Carries out protein synthesis.

protein synthesis: process of making proteins

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11
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Eukaryotic: Everything between the plasma membrane to the nucleus.
Prokaryotic: Everything enclosed in plasma membrane.

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12
Q

+++++++++++++=

surface-to-volume ratio

A

Relationship in which the volume of an object increases with the cube of the diameter, and the surface area increases with the square.

limits cell size bc

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13
Q

micrograph

A

Photo of an image enlarged with a microscope.

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14
Q

light microscope

A

Illuminates a sample w/light.

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15
Q

+++++++++++=

polarized light

A

may appear 3d

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16
Q

staining

A

Increases contrast so certain parts (that soak up the dye better) are more visible.

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17
Q

fluorescent

A

Fluorescent dye binds and emits blue light after absorbing UV light.

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18
Q

transmission electron

TEM

A

Reveals internal structures.

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19
Q

scanning electron

SEM

A

Reveals external structures.

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20
Q

cell theory

A
  1. all cells are alive
  2. all living organisms are composed of 1 or more cells (basic building block)
  3. all existing cells must have arisen from division of other cells.
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21
Q

polar

A

A structure having an uneven distribution of electron density. Partially positive and partially negative charges.

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22
Q

Fluid Mosaic

A

Model of a cell membrane as a 2d fluid of mixed composition. They stay organized through hydrophobic or hydrophillic reactions.

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23
Q

What determines a cell’s properties?

A
  1. fluidity: depends on length and saturation of phospolipids’ fatty acid tails; temperature; pH; and pressure.

Can be countered by: dramatically altering the composition of membranes

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24
Q

proteins in a cell membrane

A
  1. adhesion proteins
  2. receptor proteins
  3. enzymes
  4. transport proteins
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25
Q

adhesion proteins

A

Fastens cells together.

Connects to filaments. Strengthens structure.

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26
Q

receptor proteins

A

trigger a change in cellular actitity in response to stimulus (may be a hormone that binds to receptor).

receptor, regulates

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27
Q

enzymes

A

Speed up reactions.

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28
Q

transport proteins

A

Bind to molecules on one side of the membrane, and release them on the other side. Transport ions and polar molecules that would be unable to pass through hydrophobic core.

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29
Q

Prokaryotic

A
  1. single celled
  2. lack a nucleus

pro=no (nucleus), pro=before nucleus

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30
Q

structure of prokaryotes

A

1. plasmids
2. cell wall
3. nucleoid (DNA)
4. capsule
5. pili
6. flagella
7. cytoplasm
8. ribosomes
9.plasma membrane*

all cells have these

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31
Q

plasmids

A

Small circles of dna that carry a few genes.

Provides advantages like resistance to antibiotics.

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32
Q

nucleoid

A

Where DNA is located. An irregularly shaped region.

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33
Q

cell wall

A

Rigid permeable surface that surrounds the plasma membrane of some cells.

protects the shape, do NOT consist of lipids

34
Q

capsule

A

Encloses the cell wall. Protects against predators and toxins.

antibiotics break capsule

35
Q

pili

pilus (s.)

A

Protein filaments that help cells move along or cling to surfaces.

36
Q

flagella

flagellum (s.)

A

Long, slender cellular structures used for motion.

37
Q

biofilm

A

Community of microogranisms living within a shared mass of secreted slime.

algae, plaque, gastrointestinal tract,

benefits: permanent scaffolding, break down toxic chem, one bacteria’s waste can be another’s treasure

38
Q

Eukaryotic

A
  1. nucleus
  2. mitochondria
  3. chloroplasts
  4. endomembrane system (vesicles, ER, golgi body)
39
Q

nucleus

A

Keeps cell DNA safe. Controls the passage of certain molecules across its membrane.

nuclear envelope: controls the passage, layer
nuclear pores: selects what molecules can pass through the envelope
nuclear lamina: dense mesh o fibrous proteins that that support the inner bilayer

40
Q

Alzheimers characteristics

A
  1. amyloid plaques betwee brain cells
  2. tau tangles inside the cells

have a protein called tau when amyloid fibrils are present, causes leaks

amyloid plaques:
tau tangles: fibrous clumps of misfolded proteins

41
Q

mitochondria

A

Provokes aerobic respiration and makes ATP.

like bacteria: have their own DNA, divde independently from the cell, have their own ribosomes (theory that they developed from bacteria)

42
Q

chloroplasts

A

Provokes photosynthesis.

photosynthetic protists, derive from cyanobacteria

two outer membranes enclosing a semifluid interior called STROMA, contains enzymes, and their own DNA. Thylakoid membrane:highly folded membrane forming a single continuous compartment, evolved from bacteria

43
Q

Endomembrane system

A

Functions to make, modify, and transport lipids and proteins for the cell’s membranes, and proteins for secretion to the external environment. Destroys toxins, recycles wastes, and has other special functions.

44
Q

Vesicles

A

Sac that stores, transports, or breaks down their contents.

45
Q

lysosomes

A

Ensyme-filled vesicle that breaks down cellular wastes and debris.

vesicles that contain digestive enzymes

46
Q

endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

A

System of sacs and tubes that is an extension of the nuclear envelope. Smooth ER: makes phospholipids, stores calcium, and has additional functions
Rough ER: ribosomes on its surface make proteins

47
Q

golgi body

golgi apparatus

A

Modifies new proteins and lipids, then sorts the packages the finished products into vesicles.

48
Q

active site

A

Pocket in an enzyme where substrates bind and a reaction occurs.

49
Q

coenzyme

A

An organic cofactor.

50
Q

cofactor

A

A metal ion or small non-protein organic molecule that associates with an enzyme and is necessary for its function.

51
Q

substrate

A

Specific molecule that can bind to the enzyme’s active site and be converted to a product. A reactant in an enzyme-mediated reaction.

52
Q

electron transfer chain

A

Series of enzymes and other molecules in a cell membrane that accept and give up electrons in turn, thus releasing the energy of the electrons in steps.

53
Q

feedback inhibition

A

Of a metabolic pathway, regulatory mechanism in which a reaction product slows or stops a pathway that produces it.

54
Q

metabolic pathway

A

A series of enzyme-mediated reactions by which cells build, remodel, or break down an organic molecule.

55
Q

phosphorylation

A

CHemical reaction in which an enzyme attaches a phosphate group to an organic molecule.

56
Q

diffusion

A

The spontaneous spreading of molecules or atoms through a fluid or gas.

mayor –> menor

57
Q

hypertonic

A

Describes a fluid that has a high overall solute concentration.

58
Q

hypotonic

A

Describes a fluid that has a low overall solute concentration.

59
Q

isotonic

A

Describes two fluids with identical solute concentrations.

60
Q

osmosis

A

Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane.

61
Q

active transport

A

Energy requiring mechanism in which transport protein pumps a solute across a cell membrane aginst the solute’s concentration gradient.

umbrella term

62
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

Passive transport mechanism in which a solute follows its concentration gradient across a membrane by moving through a transport protein.

63
Q

passive transport

A

membrane-crossing mechanism that requires no energy input

64
Q

turgor pressure

A

Pressure that a fluid exerts against a structure that contains it.

65
Q

endocytosis

A

Process by which a cell takes in a small amount of extracellular fluid (and its contents) by ballooning inward of the plasma membrane.

66
Q

exocytosis

A

Process by which a cell expels a vesicle’s contents to the extracellular fluid.

67
Q

phagocytosis

A

“Cell eating”; an endocyctic pathway by which a cell engulfs a large particle such as another cell.

68
Q

autotroph

A

Producer. Organism that makes its own food using energy from the environment and carbon from CO2.

inorganic molecule

69
Q

heterotroph

A

Consumer. Organism that obtains carbon from organic molecules.

organic molecule

70
Q

photosynthesis

A

Metabolic pathway by which most autotrophs use the energy of light to make sugars from carbon dioxide and water.

6CO2 + 6H2O → (light) C6H12O6 + 6O2

71
Q

thylakoid membrane

A

Inner mmbrane system of chloroplasts and cyanobacteria; site of light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis.

72
Q

stages of photosynthesis

A
  1. photo: light/photon->chem (O2, coenzymes [ATP, NADPH])
  2. synthesis: coenzymes nrg->sugar

coenymes are recycled to work in photo

73
Q

pigment

A

Organic molecule that can absorb light of certain wavelengths. Wavelengths that are not absorbed impart a characteristic color.

74
Q

stomata

stoma (s.)

A

Closable pores on the surface of aboveground plant parts. When open, they allow the plant to exchange gases with air. When closed, they limit water loss.

75
Q

stroma

A

Cytosol-like fluid between the thylakoid membrane and the two outer membranes of a chloroplast.

contains chloroplast’s DNA + ribosomes
light dependent reactions occur

76
Q

wavelength

A

distance between two crests

77
Q

aerobic

A

involving or requiring the prescence of oxygen.

78
Q

aerobic respration

A

oxygen-requiring cellular respiration; breaks down glucose and produces ATP, carbon dioxide, and water.

79
Q

cellular respiration

A

Any type of several pathways that break down organic molecules (typically glucose) to form ATP and include an electron transfer chain.

80
Q

anaerobic

A

Ocurring in (or requiring) the abscence of oxygen.

81
Q

fermentation

A

Any of several anaerobic pathways that break down organic molecules (typically glucose) to produce ATP without the use of an electron transfer chain.

82
Q

glycolysis

A

Set if reactions that collectively convert one molecule of glucose to two molecules of pyruvate, for a net yield of two ATP and two NADH.

Biologia (2 decks)

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