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POP > TEST 2 > Flashcards

TEST 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is tuberculosis (TB)?

A

A lung disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, a major cause of mortality in underdeveloped countries

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2
Q

How is TB transmitted?

A

TB bacteria enter the body when inhaling droplets exhaled by someone with TB when they cough or sneeze.

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3
Q

What are the types of TB?

A

Pulmonary TB
Extrapulmonary TB
Miliary TB
TB Meningitis
Drug-resistant TB

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4
Q

What is pulmonary TB?

A

Affects the lungs, most common form, characterized by a cough and abnormal chest radiograph, and may be infectious.

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5
Q

What is extrapulmonary TB?

A

A: TB that affects areas other than the lungs, such as the gastrointestinal tract, skeleton, liver, larynx, lymph nodes, pleura, brain, kidneys, or bones and joints.

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6
Q

: What is miliary TB?

A

A: A rare but serious condition where TB bacteria spread through the bloodstream to multiple body sites, appearing as millet seeds on radiographs.

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7
Q

What is TB meningitis?

A

A: TB infection in the tissue surrounding the brain or spinal cord, often seen at the base of the brain on imaging studies.

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8
Q

What is drug-resistant TB?

A

TB caused by bacteria resistant to standard treatments, including multi-drug resistant (MDR) and extreme drug resistant (XDR) TB.

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9
Q

What are the risk factors for TB?

A

Malnutrition, immunosuppression, overcrowding, stress, diabetes, and chronic alcoholism.

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10
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of TB?

A

A: Fever, persistent cough, unexplained weight loss (L.O.W), night sweats, chest pain, haemoptysis, and breathlessness.

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11
Q

How is TB diagnosed?

A

Through chest X-rays, sputum tests, biopsies, tuberculin testing (Mantoux test), auscultation, and lung function tests

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12
Q

What is the medical management for TB?

A

A: Anti-TB chemotherapy, patient education, lifestyle changes, and often hospitalization.

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13
Q

What are the physiotherapy management precautions for TB?

A

Infection control (N95 mask, gown), avoid face exposure to coughs, wash hands, and avoid percussion.

deep breath exercises
postural drainage
vibrations/shaking, cough
thoracic mobility

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14
Q

What are the factors determining the probability of TB transmission?

A

Susceptibility of the exposed individual
Infectiousness of the TB patient
Environmental factors
Exposure factors

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15
Q

What is dynamic compression?

A

A: When intrapleural pressure equals or exceeds alveolar pressure, causing the airways to collapse. CV increases with age, smoking, lung disease, and certain body positions.

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16
Q

What are upper respiratory tract infections (URIs)?

A

The most common infectious diseases, including rhinitis, sinusitis, ear infections, acute pharyngitis, epiglottitis, and laryngitis.

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17
Q

What are typical symptoms of acute pharyngitis?

A

Mild pharyngeal redness, swelling, and tonsil enlargement.

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18
Q

What are the potential complications of acute ear infections in developing countries?

A

Perforated eardrums, chronic ear discharge, hearing impairment, and deafness.

19
Q

What serious condition can repeated ear infections lead to?

A

Mastoiditis, which can spread infection to the meninges.

20
Q

What are the common lower respiratory tract infections (LRIs) in children?

A

Pneumonia and bronchiolitis.

21
Q

What is a valuable clinical sign for diagnosing acute LRI in children?

A

A: Respiratory rate, especially in children who are coughing and breathing rapidly.

22
Q

A: Respiratory rate, especially in children who are coughing and breathing rapidly.

A

Respiratory syncytial viruses (RSVs), which are highly seasonal, and parainfluenza viruses.

23
Q

Respiratory syncytial viruses (RSVs), which are highly seasonal, and parainfluenza viruses.

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) and Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib).

24
Q

What are the clinical features of bronchiolitis?

A

Rapid breathing, lower chest wall indrawing, fever in one-third of cases, and wheezing.

25
Q

Rapid breathing, lower chest wall indrawing, fever in one-third of cases, and wheezing.

A

Immunization, early diagnosis and treatment, improvements in nutrition, and safer environments.

26
Q

What vaccines are important for reducing ARIs in children?

A

A: Vaccines against measles, diphtheria, pertussis, Hib, pneumococcus, and influenza.

27
Q

What is a key precaution in physiotherapy management for children with respiratory infections

A

Do not percuss immediately after a meal; wait at least one hour after eating to avoid aspiration or vomiting.

28
Q

What are some manual clearance techniques used in physiotherapy for respiratory infections?

A

Percussions, vibrations, postural drainage, forced expiration, active cycle of breathing, autogenic drainage, and inspiratory controlled flow exercises.

29
Q

What are the functions of the skin?

A

Protection against micro-organisms
Protects internal structures
Prevents loss of body fluids
Prevents loss of body heat
Excretion of waste products
Sensory function
Production of Vitamin D
Determination of identity

30
Q

What are the types of burns?

A

Thermal injury
Smoke inhalation injury
Chemical injury
Electrical injury

31
Q

explain inhalation injury?

A

Flame exposure can produce mucosal damage
Direct heat injury confined to URT
Steam can burn as far down as the alveoli

Airway obstruction can be caused by:
Mucosal oedema
Erythema
Ulceration

Oedema from skin burns
around head, neck and face

32
Q

pathophysiology of inhalation burns?

A

Hb has 230-fold greater affinity for CO than for O2
 Oxygen dissociation curve shifts to left
 Hinders loading of oxygen from lungs
 Hinders unloading of oxygen to the tissues
 CO also binds to myoglobin, mitochondrial enzymes & cellular enzymes

33
Q

clinical findings of inhalation burns?

A

 Hoarseness of the voice
 Facial burns
 Full-thickness burns to nose and
mouth
 Circumferential burns to head and
neck

 Increased carboxy-hemoglobin levels
 Visible oedema of larynx
 Stridor
 Singed nasal hair
 Carbonaceous sputum

34
Q

Pathophysiology of body burns?

A

Capillary permeability increases
Water, sodium (Na), and proteins shift out of blood vessels
Haemolysis (destruction of red blood cells)
Raised haematocrit (concentration of red blood cells)
After 48-72 hours: permeability normalises, haematocrit drops (anaemia), diuresis (hypokalaemia)

35
Q

healing process in burns?

A

Leucocyte infiltration (white blood cells move to the area)
Inflammatory process
Eschar (slough) formation
Fibroblast activity (cells that produce collagen)
Capillary tuft formation (new tiny blood vessels)
Granulation (formation of new connective tissue)

36
Q

What are the complications of burn injuries?

A

Confusion & disorientation
Hospital-acquired infections (wound and/or chest)
Stress ulceration
Malnutrition
Contracture formation
Hypertrophic scarring

37
Q

role of physio with disorientation and confusion as well as infections?

A

Orientate patients to the day of the week and time of the day.

Early mobilisation out of bed to preserve optimal respiratory system function and regain functional ability.
If the patient has a chest infection, initiate chest physiotherapy techniques as soon as possible to resolve the infection.

38
Q

How can physiotherapy help prevent contracture formation in burn patients?

A

Use body positioning and splints to counteract the reduction in length of affected two-joint muscles.

39
Q

What are the risks associated with malnutrition in burn patients? A:

A

Poor wound healing
High risk of pressure ulcers (4x higher)
Higher risk of infection:
Prolonged stay in ICU and difficulty weaning off mechanical ventilation
Difficulty mobilizing due to muscle wasting and weakness

40
Q

PT assessment of burns

A
  • Subjective
  • Objective:
  • Chest condition
  • % total BSA
  • Classification of burns
  • Musculoskeletal power, ROM, muscle length
  • Gat & posture
  • ADL
  • Endurance
  • POMS & ICF
  • Daily re-assessment
41
Q

Pt management for respiratory system>

A

Reduce Bronchospasm:
Improve Mucociliary Function
Clear Secretions
Enhance Cough Effectiveness
Maintain Lung Health:

42
Q

PT management in musculoskeletal system for burns

A

Enhance passive and active (ROM)
Maintain Unaffected Joints:
Increase Muscle Length:
Strengthen Muscles:
Maintain Muscle Strength:
Maintain or re-educate
Posture & gait
Enhance Functional Abilities
Boost Cardiovascular Endurance:

43
Q

Outcome measures for respiratory system

A

Respiratory system:
- Auscultation
- Thoracic expansion
- Level of breathlessness (Borg)
- Dynamic lung compliance
- Oxygenation status

44
Q

Outcome measure for MSK

A
  • ROM
  • Muscle power
  • Pain (VAS)
  • Functional ability
  • Exercise capacity (6MWT)

POP (1 decks)

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