Test 2 Flashcards
1) Changing Economy and Work
a. Early colonial America:
b. 19th century:
c. 20th century:
a. Agricultural
b. shift from agricultural to industrial
c. industrial to post-industrial
separate spheres
- cult of domesticity/cult of true womanhood
2) Recession
a.Unemployment and families
i.Stress: does 3 things
unemployment higher for who?
- –endanger relationships,
- contribute to domestic violence
- harm children’s social well being
ii. Unemployment: higher for minority groups
Minimum wage: hourly, weekly, annually
and Living wage
- 7.50 hourly
- 300 weekly
- 15,600 annually
Ordinances require pay at 100% to 130% of poverty line
5 Nonstandard work schedules
- part-time
- subcontracted
- temporary
- night
- irregular work schedules
Health Insurance and Reform 2010
1) what type of coverage
2) credits if?
3) illegal to deny what or rise hat?
4) whats expanded?
5) what do poor people get?
Mandatory coverage
Credits if other access is unavailable
Illegal to deny coverage or raise premiums based
Medicaid will be expanded
Federal-state health care for some poor people
f. 2009— how many Americans had no health insurance?
1 in?
52 million
1 in 6
Household labor
unpaid work to maintain family members and/or home
Routine household labor
- tasks that must be performed
2. Cooking or cleaning
Occasional Labor
- tasks that are more flexible and less frequent
2. household repairs or yard care
for every 1 hour a man does chores the woman does?
does 2-3 hours
- what parent spends more time with family
- who gets more time with the father?
- Mothers: more time with children’s (working or not)
2. Boys get more of their fathers time than girls
changes in house work. who is raising and who is declining?
who has increased and by how much?
is family work yet equal?
Men may be rising, and women declining
Men’s time increased by 30-50% over past generation
no equal family work
explanations to household changes
a
what is “Doing Gender”?
Housework ingrained as women’s work
Gendered norms
Makes division of household labor seem fair even when not equal
f. Children’s labor in the home
what determines it?
when is it set?
Socialization and/or need for help
Gendered by teen years
in the Work-family conflict pressures of what are incompatable
Pressures of paid work and family roles are incompatable
what is Role Overload
Overwhelmed by commitments without enough time for them
Spillover
i. Moods, experiences, and demands of one sphere carry over or spill over into the other
i. Day care centers
ii. family child care providers
iii. Nannies/babysitters
i. Self-care (latch-key)
- child care in non residential facilities
- Child care in another private home
- Child care in the home by a non relative
- unsupervised and taking care of themselves
The effects of mothers’ employment on children
what is the most important factor
mixed
Quality of care that the child experiences is the most important factor
i. Early Childhood Education and Child Care Policies (ECEC)
1) available where?
2) education starts at what ages in us
3) s enhance and support children’s what?
1 in other countries as a right
2) 5-7
3) cognitive, social, and emotional development
Head Start program in the US restricted to?
1.Restricted to at-risk children
power and who do we associate with it?
who makes the decisions is based on what?
force people to do your wishes associated with max weber
based on personal and economics resources
7) Gillespie: “The Marital Struggle: Who has the power?” 5 componets
a. Income
b. Values and beliefs
c. Physical strength
d. Education
e. Organizational involvement
b. Any act of gender violence that results in or is likely to result in physical, sexual, or psychological harm and suffering to women, including threats of such acts, coercion, or arbitrary deprivation of liberty, this is what?
Gender-based violence definition by UN General Assembly
Trafficking of women and girls how many world wide?
12 million estimate in world ( U.S. Dept. of State)
a. Violence between those who are emotionally or sexually intimate, such as spouses, partners, or those who are dating
b. Violence: physical, economic, sexual or psychological abuse and combinations of these
- 2 definitions of what?
Intimate partner violence (IPV)
Conflict Tactics Scale (CTS)
1) comes from who
2) Violence scale based on responses about dealing with disagreements in relationships
1) (Murray Strauss and colleagues)
2) responses about dealing with disagreements in relationships
Conflict Tactics Scale (CTS) continued
- is there aggressive responces?
- what type of aggressive responses?
- Non aggressive responses
- Psychologically and physically
Common Couple violence (CCV)
arises how?
Arises out of a specific argument with at least one partner lashes out physically
Intimate terrorism(IT)
Motivated by a desire to control the other partner
Violent resistance (VR)
Associated with self defense
Mutual violent control (MVC)
Pattern with both partners controlling and violent
Stalking
affects how many people annually
Obsessive contact or tracking of another that is unwanted and causes a reasonable person to be fearful
Affects 3.4 million adults annually
g. Violence in same-sex relationships
i. Abuse in gay and lesbian relationships is?
ii. Approximately
iii. violence, a single even or pattern?
similar to or higher than heterosexual relationships
- 25-30%
- Violence is usually not a single event but a pattern in the relationship
Dating violence
a. who experiences the highest rates of violence? by who
b. Dating violence experiences are significantly related to
- Young women ages 16-24, by current or previous boyfriend
- substance abuse, risky sexual behaviors, and suicide
6) Sexual aggression and rape
- % of college women are raped in a given 9 month academic year?
- % of victims and perpetrators know each other
3%
approximately 80%
a. Youth
b. Low levels of Education
c. Low income or employment problems
d. Drug/alcohol use
e. Abuse in family of orientation
f. Personal traits
what are these?
Factors Associated with Violence
these are Consequences of?
a. Physical health issues
b. Mental health issues
c. Unhealthy behaviors
d. Societal consequences
of Violence
how much of violent acts go unreported?
remember: leaving is a process
3/4ths of violent acts unreported to law enforcement
1) Child Abuse
a. Attack on child that results in an injury and violates social norms
2) Types of child abuse
4 of them
a. Physical abuse
b. Neglect and medical neglect-fail to provide basic needs
c. Psychological maltreatment-verbal or mental
d. Sexual abuse
a. Stress
b. Social isolation
c. Learned behavior (from behavior)
d. Unrealistic parental expectations
e. Demographic characteristics
i. Age, SES, marital status
these are factors that what?
3) Factors Contributing to Child Abuse
1) Elder abuse
- is it reported?
- what is the cycle of violence?
c. Most cases go unreported
d. Cycle of violence (Freeman 1979)
i. Adults abused as kids are more likely to abuse their parents when the parents are old
Explanations for Violence and Abuse 2 of them
tell about the macro causes
and the micro causes
1) Societal and cultural causes (macro)
a. Patriarchy
b. Cultural norms support violence
c. Family privacy
2) Individual-level causes (micro)
a. Learning norms and behaviors, including violence
b. Stress
a. Growing movement for tougher laws
b. More enforcement of those laws
c. Training those who work with victims and offenders
d. Offer protection and services for victims
these are notes on?
1) Zero Tolerance in the legal and criminal justice Systems
conjugal violence
most homicides: bedroom
Time: evening or late evening on weekend
3 Parenting goals:
i. Health and survival
ii. Learn economic maintenance
iii. Learns cultural values
i. People start as blank slates
ii. A process
iii. Internalize culture
iv. Develop sense of self
components of?
components of socialization
Jean Piaget
i. Four levels of cognitive development
ii. From perception thru the senses to
iii. Abstract thought for problem solving
Charles Horton Cooley
i. Looking glass self
ii. Develop our sense of self from others
g. George Herbert Mead
Role taking
Move thru three stages
how do people rise children to act good
iii. Repressive socialization (lower levels)
1. Punishment
iv. Participatory socialization (upper levels)
1. rewards
- Parenting styles
a. Authoritative
b. Authoritarian
c. Permissive
d. The best is?
a) High levels of control, but warm and receptive
b) Strict, punitive, and not very warm
c) Few Controls on the child
d) Authoritative
Fathering
As an identity
As an activity
as identity: More in domestic life, not the sole breadwinner
as activity: involvement increasing
Teen Parents
3 Documented negative consequences,
are pregnancies declining?
- Low birth rates (weight)
- higher infant mortality
- depressed mothers
yes decline
c. Lesbian and Gay Families how many are parents?
7 million
Grand Parents how many acting as parent
are family allowances availible in the us
7 million
no
- Fertility
a. Births per woman in US- is about?
b. Also Children born per?
c. Higher in what countries
- about 2
- 1000 population
- developing Countries (as opposed to developed countries
e. China in 1980
- Delay marriage how long?
- Fecundity-
- they had what policy?
-2 years
-captures the biological possibility of childbirth,
how many baby’s could a woman have?
-One-child policy
what is happening to parenthood in the US?
who prefers children more, men or women?
It is being delayed
men want children more
% report stress, conflict, marital satisfaction drop on becoming a parent
40-70%
The Family Medical Leave Act
50 employees
12 weeks of unpaid leave
(men and women)
a. Crude divorce rate
b. Refined divorce rate
c. Cross-sectional
A. # of divorces per 1000 people
B. # of divorces per 1000 married women
C.Divorce rates at one time
how long does couple need to stay togther if they are likely to make it?
If couples make it 15 years, they are likely to stay together
Greenstein
- 5000 females married in 1969
- followed 15 years
a. 1/3 of divorces in 5 years
b. 2/3 of divorces in 10 years
c. 20.5 % divorced within the 15 years
Cross-cultural comparisons
Murdock (1950)
Studied 40 small, preliterate societies
Goode (1993)
a “way of sifting” candidates for the family
Why variation
i. higher development, more
ii. influence of dominant religion
iii. patriarchal societies, less
i. Changes in the laws
1. No-fault divorce
ii. Women’s employment
iii. Changing attitudes toward divorce
iv. Cultural norms
these are and at what level?
Factors Associated with divorce at the
Macro level
Micro-level reasons for divorse
- what happened to parents?
- how old are you?
- children?
- education
- money
- are you alike?
i. Parental divorce
ii. Age at marriage
iii. Presence of children
iv. Non marital childbearing
v. Race and ethnicity
vi. Education
vii. Income
viii. Degree of similarity between spouses
a. Emotional dimension
b. Legal dimension
c. Parental dimension
i. Legal custody
ii. Joint legal custody
iii. Physical custody
d. Economic dimension
i. Child support
ii. Alimony
these are dimensions of what?
dimensions of divorse
Covenant marriage
i. Louisiana, Arkansas, Arizona
ii. Permits more ridged legal requirements for marriage and divorce
What is the great u turn
Wages start to decline
