Test 2 Flashcards
Test 2
Perception
A cognitive process that enables us to interpret and understand our surroundings
Attention
to select the information form the environment
Salience
How much an object/stimuli stands out
Bottom-Up
characteristics of the objects
Examples of Bottom-Up
Brightness, Rarity, Novelty, intensity, & motion
Top-Down
Characteristics of the Perceiver
Examples of Top-Down
Goals, motivation, and biases
Categorization
The process of organizing people and objects into preconceived categories that are stored in our long-term memory
Stereotyping
Assigning traits to people based on social category membership
Attribution Process
Deciding wether an observed behavior or event is caused by internal or external factors
Correspondent Inferences
Judgment wether people’s charcter correspond to what we have observed in their actions
Fundamental Attribution Error
The tendency to perceive the causes of another person’s actions as different from the causes of your personal actions
Self-Serving Bias
When something good happens, you attribute it to internal factors
Conformation Bias
The tendency to screen out information that is contradictory to decisions, beliefs, values, and assumptions, and readily accept information that is confirming
Availability Bias
Judgements are affected based upon what most readily comes into a person’s mind
Contrast Effects
Making a comparison based upon what happened just before we make a decision or judgement
Self-Fulling Prophecy
The tendency for someone’s expectations about another to cause that individual to behave in a manner consistent with those expectations
Halo Effect
Occurs when a person makes a general assessment of another person or object, and then uses this general impression to interpret everything else about that person or object
False-Consensus Effect
When people overestimate the extent to which others have similar beliefs or behaviors to their own
Primary Effect
The tendency to quickly form an opinion of people on the basis of the first information we received about them
Recency Effect
The tendency for most recent items or experiences to be remembered best
Complexity (Self-Concept)
The number of distinct and important roles or identities that people percieve
Consistency (Self-Concept)
the degree of compatibility
Clarity (Self-Concept)
The degree to which you have clear, confidently defined, and stable self-conception
Self-Esteem
extent to which you like, respect, and are satisfied with yourself
Self-Efficacy
a belief that you can successfully complete a task
Locus of Control
your general belief about the amount of control you have over personal life events
Subjective Expected Utility
The probability of satisfaction from choosing an alternative
Bounded Rationality
the way that humans make decisions that depart from perfect economic rationality since we are limited by our mental capacity, the information available to us, and time
Maximizing
seeking the best option through an exhaustive search through alternatives
Sacrifice
Not doing something because the alternative was chosen
Intuition
The ability to know when a problem or opportunity exist to select the best course of action without consciously reasoning
Action Scripts
programmed decision routines that speed up our responses to pattern (mis)matches
Implicit Favorite
The preferred alternative
Conformation Bias
the tendency to interpret new evidence as confirmation of one’s existing beliefs or theories.
Availability Heuristic
make decision based on what is easier to count or imagine
Anchoring and Adjustment Heuristic
influenced by initial anchor points given
Escalation of Commitment
generally tend to be overconfident about estimates or forecasts
Suck Cost Fallacy
sticking with a losing or failed venture because you’ve already invested a significant amount of time, money, or other resources that you can’t get back
Framing
pay more attention to wether someone resembles instead of the probability of the stats
Prospect Theory
harder to make decision when losing something
Ethics
The study. of moral principles or values that determine wether actions are right or wrong and outcomes are good or bad
Moral Intesity
the degreee to which an issue demands the application of ethical principles
Ethical Sensitivity
a personal chacteristic that enables people to recongize the presences of an ethical issue and determine its relative importance
Someone with high high ethical sensitivity is better at judging intensity?
True
Euphemistic Language
using strategic language that makes something sound better than it is
Example of Euphemistic Language
Layoff vs Firing
Mindfulness
consciously thinking about wether actions might be unethical
Moral Justification
unethical behavior is thought to be okay because it contributes to some socially valued outcomes
Example of Moral Justification
Robinhood stealing from the rich to give to the poor
Advantageous Comparison
Comparing your own behavior to more reprehensible behavior
Example of Advantageous Comparison
Comparing the amount of water I use compared to a farm
Displacement of Responsibility
reducing personal accountability by thinking of actions as resulting from an authority figures dictates
Example of Displacement of Responsibility
Boss telling you to fudge the numbers
Diffusion of Responsibility
reducing personal responsibility by looking to others involved
Example of Diffusion of Responsibility
everyone else is doing it
Distorting Consequences
Thinking of negative consequences as less serious than they are
Example of Distorting Consequences
I only cheated because I will never use this subject
Dehumanization
making those who would be harmed less worthy of ethical consideration because they’re though to be different, stupid or less human
Example of Dehumanization
Holocaust
Attribution of Blame
laying blame on the victims of harm
Example of Attribution of Blame
Pointing finger at others
Teleological Approaches
Actions are right or wrong based on their consequences
Types of Teleological Approaches
Utilitarianism, Egoism, & Ethics of Care
Utilitarianism
seeking the greatest good for the greatest number of people
Egoism
acting consistently with one’s own self-interests is ethical, with individual consequences taking priority, regardless of consequences to others
Ethic of Care
acting responsibility towards others, attending to other’s well-being, and not harming others
Types of Deontological Approaches
Individual Rights, Distributive Justice, Virtue Ethics
Deontological Approaches
Actions are based on obligation
Individual Rights
belief that everyone had entitlements that let her/him act in a certain way
Distributive Justice
People who’s are similar should receive similar benefits and burdens
Virtue Ethics
Flows from the disposition and internal qualities of individuals who consistently strive to lead a moral/ethical life
Identity
a person’s unique sense of self
Process Losses
Resources expended towards team development and maintenance rather than the task
Social Loafing
Exerting less effort when working in teams than when working alone
Pooled (Task Interdependence)
Shared Resources used by all
Sequential (Task Interdependence)
Assembly line
Reciprocal (Task Interdependence)
Parts of the task are consistently being moved between members and could be brought back tot the same person
Faultlines
Hypoyhetical dividing lines that split a group into relatively similar subgroups based on group members’ demographic alignment along multiple attributes
Team Cohesion
The degree of attraction people feel toward the team and their motivation to remain members
Team Norms
informal rules and shared expectations that groups establish to regulate the behavior of their members
Team Mental Models
team member’s’ shared, organized understanding and mental representation of knowledge about key elements if the teams relevant environment
Production Blocking
a time constraint that results because only one person can talk at a time
Evaluation Apprehension
Individuals are reluctant to mention ideas that seem silly because they believe that other team members are silently evaluating them
Groupthink
the tendency to value consensus
Task Roles
Completing the task at hand
Maintenance Roles
maintaining relationships and communication within the team
Trust
The willingness to take a risk based on positive expectations of someone, regardless of your ability to monitor that person
Ability (Trust)
wether we believe they are capable to complete the task
Benevolence (Trust)
Acting in my best interest
Integrity (Trust)
Ethical
Creativity
The production of novel and useful ideas
Innovation
Successful implementation of creative ideas within an organization
System 1 Processing
Implicit, Automatic, Unconscious
System 2 Processing
Explicit, Controlled, Conscious
Components of Creativity
Creative Skills, Expertise, & Task Motivation
Creative Skills
mix of unchanging traits in personality
Expertise
acquired skills
task motivation
a reason to be creative
