Test 2 Flashcards
An opening exposed on the earth’s where volcanic material is emitted
Volcanic vent
magma that has a high viscosity and high silica and gas content; eruption tends to be very explosive- this is usually associated with supervolcanoes like Yellowstone
Rhyolitic magma
huge hole left by the collapse of a volcanic mountian
Caldera
An opening exposed on the earth’s surface where volcanic material is emitted
Volcanic vent
magma that is a mix of basaltic and rhyolitic; eruption may or may not be explosive (usually dangerous though)
andesitic magma
the smallest type of tephra
volcanic ash and dust
Largest volcano in the solar system and type
Olympus Mons- Shield Volcano on Mars
locations where plumes of magma burn through the earth’s surface even though it is NOT on a plate boundary
hot spot volcanism
Mt. St. Helens is an example of this kind of volcanism
convergent volcanism
More viscous (thicker or stickier) lavas, musch more explosive eruptions; tall with steep sides, these are the most common large cones
Composite or Stratovolcano
magma with the least amount of silica, rarely explosive eruption- the magma is the hottest and the runniest
basaltic magma
describes all the processes associated with the discharge of magma, hot water, and steam
volcanism
where plates separate, magma rises to fill gaps
divergent volcanism
type of volcanism that occurs due to subduction
convergent volcanism
Hawaii is an example of this kind of volcanism
hot spot volcanism
bowl or circular shaped depression around the vent
volcanic crater
an underground pool that holds magma, below a volcano
magma chamber
gently sloping sides, quiet eruptions, magma is very runny (low viscosity)
shield volcano
a small volcano built primarily of pyroclastic material ejected from a single vent; they can occur anywhere
cinder cone
lava that is sharp when cool and crumbles into large jagged chunks
aa lava
bits of rock or solidified lava dropped from the air during an explosive volcanic eruption; ranges in size from volcanic ash to volcanic bombs and blocks
tephra
pebble like bits of magma that cool in the air
lapilli
a violent type of mudflow coming from the melted snow or glacier on the top of a volcano; it often kills many more people and animals than the eruption itself
Lahar
ocean to continent convergence is usually associated with this type of magma
andestic
ocean plate hotspot volcanism or ocean to ocean convergence or ocean to ocean divergence is associated with this type of magma chamber
basaltic
continental plate hotspot volcanism is associated with this type of magma chamber
rhyolitic
widest of all volcanoes
shield volcano
ring of fire volcanic cone type
composite
crater formed after the collapse of an emptied magma chamber
caldera
built from nonexplosive eruptions and has gently sloping sides
shield volcano
composite volcano also known as
stratovolcano
a volcano built up of alternate layers of lava/ash with explosive eruptions
stratovolcano
ropy, basaltic lava flow
pahoehoe
rhyolitic magma is think and sticky because
of high silica content, it forms from melted continental crust
low viscosity, high temps, and low silica
basaltic magma
three types of magma are
basaltic, andesitic, rhyolitic
low viscosity magma is associated with
high temps, less trapped gas, and lower silica content
the viscosity of magma depends on
temp and silica levels
stratovolcanoes are associated with what type of plate boundary
convergent (subduction zone) O:C
shield volcanoes are associated with what type of plate boundary
convergent O:O or hot spot under oceanic plate
What is Lapilli
bits of lava that hardens in the air, like pebbles
ash, blocks, and bombs are pieces of
tephra
a mudflow composed of pyroclastic material and water
lahar
superheated gas and ash that speeds downhill from an eruption
nuee ardent
How many major eruptions has Yellowstone Caldera have over the years?
3
what national park is actually a supervolcano
Yellowstone
Produces aa and pahoe pahoe lava
shield
what is magma
molten rock inside earth
what is lava
molten rock that flows onto the Earth’s surface
second most explosive type of volcano, like Dante’s Peak
Composite/Stratovolcano
stratovolcanoes are associated with what type of plate boundary
convergent (subduction) O:C
Volcanoes that form far from plate boundaries are associated with
hot spots
elements associated with Basaltic Magma are dense and dark. What are the 3 main elements in this type of magma?
iron, magnesium, and calcium
Elements associated with Rhyolitic Magma are light in color and low density. What do they have the highest percentage of
silicon and oxygen
equation for silicon dioxide
SiO2
which type of magma is in the middle, it is still has violent eruptions, but not like super eruption
Andesitic
Dante’s Peak was loosely based on which volcanic eruption in the US
Mt. St. Helens
5 parts that make a mineral
naturally occurring, inorganic, solid, crystal pattern, definite chemical composition
cooling of magma or lava, precipitation from water, recrystallization from other minerals
minerals form from
A scale ranking ten minerals from softest to hardest; used in testing the hardness of minerals
Mohs Hardness Scale
The way a mineral reflects light from its surface
luster
shiny like glass
vitreous luster
shiny like metal
metallic luster
the color of a mineral in powdered form that is sometimes different from the color of the mineral
streak
the tendency of a mineral to break along flat surfaces and form regular shapes every time it is broken
Cleavage
Minerals that don’t form regular shapes when they break are said to have
fracture
Relationship between temperature and volume
direct (higher temp, higher volume; lower temp, lower volume)
Charles Law
V1/T1=V2/T2
Force per unit
pressure
relationship between pressure and volume
inverse (more volume, less pressure; less volume, more pressure)
Boyles Law
P1V1=P2V2
relationship between pressure and temperature
direct (higher temp, higher pressure; lower temp, lower pressure)
Gay-Lussac’s Law
P1/T1=P2/T2
Located in the top left of the element box on periodic table
atomic number
Number across the columns (periodic table)
Group
Number across the rows (periodic table)
Period
Number of protons are equal to atomic number
True
Mass number- protons=
neutrons
Charge is also called
oxidation number
Group 1 has a charge of
+1
Group 2 has a charge of
+2
Group 13 has a charge of
+3
Group 15 has a charge of
-3
Group 16 has a charge of
-2
Group 17 has a charge of
-1
Group 18 has a charge of
0, has everything that they need
Groups 3-12 are transitional metals so their charge
varies based off what it is paired with
Group 14 have a charge of
+ or - 4
Has 1 singular element
Elements
Covalent Bond
Molecules
Ionic Bond
Salts
Have 2 or more different types of elements chemically bonded together
Compounds
Salt is made distinct by repeating the pattern
NaClNaClNaCl
Molecule can be just the formula
H2O
Hydrogen
H+
Sodium
Na+
Potassium
K+
Lithium
Li+
Calcium
Ca+2
Magnesium
Mg+2
Barium
Ba+2
Aluminum
Al+3
Gallium
Ga+3
Chlorine
Cl-
Flourine
F-
Bromine
Br-
Iodine
I-
Oxygen
O-2
Sulfur
S-2
Nitrogen
N-3
Phosphorus
P-3
Empirical Formulas
Balanced positive and negative ions
Sodium and Chlorine
NaCl
Calcium and Oxygen
CaO
Barium and Flourine
BaF2
Aluminum and Oxygen
Al2O3
Some atoms bond together to form something that behaves like a single ion
polyatomic ions
Hydroxide
OH^-
Carbonate
CO3 ^-2
Nitrate
NO3 ^-
Sulfate
SO4 ^-2
Phosphate
PO4 ^-3
Ammonium
NH4 ^+
Organic Materials
what are bodies are made of
smallest particle of elements
Atom
cannot be broken down into simpler form
Element
group of bonded atoms that act as a unit
Molecule
chemical combination of 2+ different elements
Compound
atoms with differing number of neutrons
isotope
electronically charged particles with uneven number of protons and elctrons
Ions
