Test 2 Flashcards
Niche
The Joint description of the environmental conditions that allow a species to persist in a given environment along with the per-capita effects of that species
Fundamental Niche
The conditions where a species could occur, if there was no competition and predation, often limited by abiotic factors
Realized Niche
The conditions where a species actually occurs, and includes biotic interaction with other species
“Roles” Niche
The effect of a species has on other species or conditions in a given habitat
“Needs” Niche
The resources or factors necessary for the existence of a species in a given habitat
Turnover in lakes
The mixing of shallow and deep water and their nutrients caused by sinking cold water in the winter and spring
Rain shadow
The drier area on the downwind side of a mountain created by the loss of water in the air passing over the mountain
Adiabatic cooling
Heating or Cooling that comes from within
Dew Point
Temperature at which condensation begins
Biome
Large, Geographic areas that are characterized by distinct types of plant species, usually determined by precipitation and temperature
MacArthur’s Warblers CASE STUDY
- Needs niche definition
Different niches may allow a group of competing species to coexist
Stewart et al CASE STUDY
Quantified niches of elk , mule deer, and cattle
Competition
A reduction in resource acquisition rate (feeding, foraging,parasitism, nutrient uptake) due to the action or presence of another individual that seeks to acquire the same resources
Mutualism
Interaction between two organisms where both species benefit
Resource Competition
When resource used by one organisum depletes the total amount avaiable for the other organisum, reducing its growth or fitness
Interference competition
Symbiosis
Close association between two species, often positive
isocline
Simply means a line where something is held constant. But, for this class, it means a line on the phase plane where growth rate of either species is always zero
Commensalism
A association between 2 organisms in which one benefits and the other dervies neither benefit nor harm
Ammensalism
Association between organisms of two different species in which one is inhibited or destroyed and the other is unaffected
Phase Plane
A graph showing how the abundance of any one species is affected by the presence of a second species
Tingley et al (Bird Grinnellian Niches) CASE STUDY
- Looked at environmental conditions and and how it can limit distribution of species
Connell (Barnacles) CASE STUDY
- Both Fundamental (Abiotic ) niche and realized (Biotic) niche
- Manipulate species abundances then measure the growth or abundance of the remaining species
- Species do not necessarily occur in their ideal location, but can be displaced by a better competitor or predator (Difference between fundamental and realized niche)
- Competition of Space
Tansley’s (Competition on plants) CASE STUDY
- Test the effects of competition in a specific specie of flowers
- One must compare the growth with and without competitors to quantify competition
- The outcome of competition can vary with environment
Gause’s (Protozoa) CASE STUDY
- Compared populations in monoculture (Alone) with growth in competition with another species
- Theory of competitive exclusion
- Food supply controls the population growth
- One Species goes extinct if there is competition present
Stable coexistence
2 species can co-occur in the same habitat with growth rates of zero. Stable abundances are shown where the isoclines cross
Unstable coexistence
2 species generally cannot occur in the same habitat unless they have abundances exactly described by the point where the isoclines cross. Otherwise, generally the species that is initially more abundant wins.
Character displacement
When species evolve differences in specific physical or behavioral characters due to competition that enables them to coexist
Null models
Statistical models to test of patterns represent non-random differences among traits of different groups
Allopatry
Where species distributions do not overlap geographically
Sympatry
Where species distributions DO overlap geographically
Crombie’s beetles test of LV CASE STUDY
Competition with real species
- Competition occurs for limiting resources
- Competition exclusion
- Competition can be explained by lotka-volterra equations
Park’s flour beetles showing effects of environment CASE STUDY
- resource competition
- Environmental conditions affect outcome of competition by varying k’s and alpha’s of the component species
Ayala’s relaxing assumptions of LV with fruit flies CASE STUDY
violating l-v equation assumptions. alpha’s not constant so iscociline may not be straight but curved
Three colors of males of side-blotched lizards CASE STUDY
competitors benefit/lose at different spatial scales
Bill size in Darwin’s finches and in terms CASE STUDY
Character displacement, allowing for coexistence
Fenchel’s allopatry and sympathy in snail shell size CASE STUDY
comparing allopatric (Different area) and sympatric (Same area) populations
Oscillations (Predator-Prey Oscillations)
When the abundances of 2 species reciprocally drive each other into repeated patterns of increasing and decreasing
Reproductive Efficiency
The number of predator offspring produced per amount of food (prey) captured
Capture efficiency
The probability that predators will capture prey upon being encountered
Werner and Hall’s sunfish CASE STUDY
- Experimental Manipulations the showed that competition was occuring
- Used experiments to demonstrate the necessary conditions for competition
Lynx - snowshoe CASE STUDY
Predator and prey drive each others dynamics
Huffaker’s mites on oranges CASE STUDY
- Predator-prey frequently oscillate
- manipulated different factors to test coexistence
Epidemiology
The branch of medicine which deals with the incidence, distribution, and control of diseases and other factors relating to health
Vertical transmission
Transmission of disease from parent to offspring
Horizontal transmission
Transmission of disease among individuals in the same population that are not parent-progeny
Protozoa with migration CASE STUDY
Testing Lotka-Volterra equations
Functional response
The relationship between the amount of prey available and the rate at which individual predators capture, handle, and consume prey
Batesian Mimicry
Harmless organisums resemble poisonous or distasteful
Mullerian Mimicry
When two or more species with effective defances share a similar apperance or signaling, reinforcing the message to potential predators
Myxomatosis
Viral disease that is spread through direct contact with an affect animal or by being beaten by fleas or mosquitoes that have fed on on an infected rabbit
Schmidt’s ecology of fear with spiders and grasshoppers CASE STUDY
Ecology of fear (effects of predation on prey) trophic cascade of spiders on grasshoppers on plants
- indirect mutualism
Cottony cushion scale and vedalia CASE STUDY
biological control
- successful !!!
- cottony cushion scale is pest and vedalia beetle was imported to help control it
- cottony cushion scale is rare, vedalia bettle is also rare
Rabbits and myxomatosis in Australia CASE STUDY
biological control (failure)
- rabbits are pest –> released myxomatosis –> some became immune –> introduced rabbit flea and spanish flea (short effects) –> rabbits still pest
Rats in Micronesia CASE STUDY.
biological control (failure)
- rat problem –> introduced giant monitor lizards –> introduced south american toads –> cats and dogs ate toads –> rats increased
** showed best to have control agent that will keep pest in check but also coexist with pest***
Zombies (no stable equilibrium)
Epidemiology model Robert smith
-SIR model = keeps track of number of host individuals that could be infected (s) , number of recovered (R), and those that are infected (I)
- adds up to total population
Facilitation
When species changes environment to be more suitable for a second speices
Endosymbiotic Theory
Modern eukaryotes originated from symbiotic mutualistic relationships.
Indirect Mutualism
When more than 2 species interact such that one benefits another by way of its impact on a third species
Ants and Acacias CASE STUDY
- Mutualism
- Performance of both species must be higher in mutualism than when living alone
Cleaner fish and hosts CASE STUDY
Mutualism - Food for parasite removal
- Large fish used for cleaning and indicate safety for small fish
- Cleaning station in reef have small wrasses that clean many large fish
Hummingbirds and their flowers CASE STUDY
- Mutualism
- Hummingbirds also show a preference for flowers with similar traits (Evolutionary Convergence)
Ants,Plants, Aphids and beetles w/ indirect mutualism CASE STUDY
- Complex Mutualism
- X has an effect on Y
Herbivores on the Serengeti Plains CASE STUDY
- Grazing Facilitation (Action of one species increases the food available for another species)
