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Ecology PCB3043 > Test 2 > Flashcards

Test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Niche

A

The Joint description of the environmental conditions that allow a species to persist in a given environment along with the per-capita effects of that species

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2
Q

Fundamental Niche

A

The conditions where a species could occur, if there was no competition and predation, often limited by abiotic factors

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3
Q

Realized Niche

A

The conditions where a species actually occurs, and includes biotic interaction with other species

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4
Q

“Roles” Niche

A

The effect of a species has on other species or conditions in a given habitat

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5
Q

“Needs” Niche

A

The resources or factors necessary for the existence of a species in a given habitat

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6
Q

Turnover in lakes

A

The mixing of shallow and deep water and their nutrients caused by sinking cold water in the winter and spring

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7
Q

Rain shadow

A

The drier area on the downwind side of a mountain created by the loss of water in the air passing over the mountain

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8
Q

Adiabatic cooling

A

Heating or Cooling that comes from within

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9
Q

Dew Point

A

Temperature at which condensation begins

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10
Q

Biome

A

Large, Geographic areas that are characterized by distinct types of plant species, usually determined by precipitation and temperature

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11
Q

MacArthur’s Warblers CASE STUDY

A
  • Needs niche definition

Different niches may allow a group of competing species to coexist

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12
Q

Stewart et al CASE STUDY

A

Quantified niches of elk , mule deer, and cattle

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13
Q

Competition

A

A reduction in resource acquisition rate (feeding, foraging,parasitism, nutrient uptake) due to the action or presence of another individual that seeks to acquire the same resources

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14
Q

Mutualism

A

Interaction between two organisms where both species benefit

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15
Q

Resource Competition

A

When resource used by one organisum depletes the total amount avaiable for the other organisum, reducing its growth or fitness

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16
Q

Interference competition

A
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17
Q

Symbiosis

A

Close association between two species, often positive

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18
Q

isocline

A

Simply means a line where something is held constant. But, for this class, it means a line on the phase plane where growth rate of either species is always zero

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19
Q

Commensalism

A

A association between 2 organisms in which one benefits and the other dervies neither benefit nor harm

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20
Q

Ammensalism

A

Association between organisms of two different species in which one is inhibited or destroyed and the other is unaffected

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21
Q

Phase Plane

A

A graph showing how the abundance of any one species is affected by the presence of a second species

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22
Q

Tingley et al (Bird Grinnellian Niches) CASE STUDY

A
  • Looked at environmental conditions and and how it can limit distribution of species
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23
Q

Connell (Barnacles) CASE STUDY

A
  • Both Fundamental (Abiotic ) niche and realized (Biotic) niche
  • Manipulate species abundances then measure the growth or abundance of the remaining species
  • Species do not necessarily occur in their ideal location, but can be displaced by a better competitor or predator (Difference between fundamental and realized niche)
  • Competition of Space
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24
Q

Tansley’s (Competition on plants) CASE STUDY

A
  • Test the effects of competition in a specific specie of flowers
  • One must compare the growth with and without competitors to quantify competition
  • The outcome of competition can vary with environment
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25
Q

Gause’s (Protozoa) CASE STUDY

A
  • Compared populations in monoculture (Alone) with growth in competition with another species
  • Theory of competitive exclusion
  • Food supply controls the population growth
  • One Species goes extinct if there is competition present
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26
Q

Stable coexistence

A

2 species can co-occur in the same habitat with growth rates of zero. Stable abundances are shown where the isoclines cross

27
Q

Unstable coexistence

A

2 species generally cannot occur in the same habitat unless they have abundances exactly described by the point where the isoclines cross. Otherwise, generally the species that is initially more abundant wins.

28
Q

Character displacement

A

When species evolve differences in specific physical or behavioral characters due to competition that enables them to coexist

29
Q

Null models

A

Statistical models to test of patterns represent non-random differences among traits of different groups

30
Q

Allopatry

A

Where species distributions do not overlap geographically

31
Q

Sympatry

A

Where species distributions DO overlap geographically

32
Q

Crombie’s beetles test of LV CASE STUDY

A

Competition with real species

  • Competition occurs for limiting resources
  • Competition exclusion
  • Competition can be explained by lotka-volterra equations
33
Q

Park’s flour beetles showing effects of environment CASE STUDY

A
  • resource competition
  • Environmental conditions affect outcome of competition by varying k’s and alpha’s of the component species
34
Q

Ayala’s relaxing assumptions of LV with fruit flies CASE STUDY

A

violating l-v equation assumptions. alpha’s not constant so iscociline may not be straight but curved

35
Q

Three colors of males of side-blotched lizards CASE STUDY

A

competitors benefit/lose at different spatial scales

36
Q

Bill size in Darwin’s finches and in terms CASE STUDY

A

Character displacement, allowing for coexistence

37
Q

Fenchel’s allopatry and sympathy in snail shell size CASE STUDY

A

comparing allopatric (Different area) and sympatric (Same area) populations

38
Q

Oscillations (Predator-Prey Oscillations)

A

When the abundances of 2 species reciprocally drive each other into repeated patterns of increasing and decreasing

39
Q

Reproductive Efficiency

A

The number of predator offspring produced per amount of food (prey) captured

40
Q

Capture efficiency

A

The probability that predators will capture prey upon being encountered

41
Q

Werner and Hall’s sunfish CASE STUDY

A
  • Experimental Manipulations the showed that competition was occuring
  • Used experiments to demonstrate the necessary conditions for competition
42
Q

Lynx - snowshoe CASE STUDY

A

Predator and prey drive each others dynamics

43
Q

Huffaker’s mites on oranges CASE STUDY

A
  • Predator-prey frequently oscillate
  • manipulated different factors to test coexistence
44
Q

Epidemiology

A

The branch of medicine which deals with the incidence, distribution, and control of diseases and other factors relating to health

45
Q

Vertical transmission

A

Transmission of disease from parent to offspring

46
Q

Horizontal transmission

A

Transmission of disease among individuals in the same population that are not parent-progeny

47
Q

Protozoa with migration CASE STUDY

A

Testing Lotka-Volterra equations

48
Q

Functional response

A

The relationship between the amount of prey available and the rate at which individual predators capture, handle, and consume prey

49
Q

Batesian Mimicry

A

Harmless organisums resemble poisonous or distasteful

50
Q

Mullerian Mimicry

A

When two or more species with effective defances share a similar apperance or signaling, reinforcing the message to potential predators

51
Q

Myxomatosis

A

Viral disease that is spread through direct contact with an affect animal or by being beaten by fleas or mosquitoes that have fed on on an infected rabbit

52
Q

Schmidt’s ecology of fear with spiders and grasshoppers CASE STUDY

A

Ecology of fear (effects of predation on prey) trophic cascade of spiders on grasshoppers on plants

  • indirect mutualism
53
Q

Cottony cushion scale and vedalia CASE STUDY

A

biological control

  • successful !!!
  • cottony cushion scale is pest and vedalia beetle was imported to help control it
  • cottony cushion scale is rare, vedalia bettle is also rare
54
Q

Rabbits and myxomatosis in Australia CASE STUDY

A

biological control (failure)

  • rabbits are pest –> released myxomatosis –> some became immune –> introduced rabbit flea and spanish flea (short effects) –> rabbits still pest
55
Q

Rats in Micronesia CASE STUDY.

A

biological control (failure)

  • rat problem –> introduced giant monitor lizards –> introduced south american toads –> cats and dogs ate toads –> rats increased

** showed best to have control agent that will keep pest in check but also coexist with pest***

56
Q

Zombies (no stable equilibrium)

A

Epidemiology model Robert smith

-SIR model = keeps track of number of host individuals that could be infected (s) , number of recovered (R), and those that are infected (I)

  • adds up to total population
57
Q

Facilitation

A

When species changes environment to be more suitable for a second speices

58
Q

Endosymbiotic Theory

A

Modern eukaryotes originated from symbiotic mutualistic relationships.

59
Q

Indirect Mutualism

A

When more than 2 species interact such that one benefits another by way of its impact on a third species

60
Q

Ants and Acacias CASE STUDY

A
  • Mutualism
  • Performance of both species must be higher in mutualism than when living alone
61
Q

Cleaner fish and hosts CASE STUDY

A

Mutualism - Food for parasite removal

  • Large fish used for cleaning and indicate safety for small fish
  • Cleaning station in reef have small wrasses that clean many large fish
62
Q

Hummingbirds and their flowers CASE STUDY

A
  • Mutualism
  • Hummingbirds also show a preference for flowers with similar traits (Evolutionary Convergence)
63
Q

Ants,Plants, Aphids and beetles w/ indirect mutualism CASE STUDY

A
  • Complex Mutualism
  • X has an effect on Y
64
Q

Herbivores on the Serengeti Plains CASE STUDY

A
  • Grazing Facilitation (Action of one species increases the food available for another species)

Ecology PCB3043 (3 decks)

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