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test 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

TWO PRIMARY FUNCTIONS OF LAW

A
  1. OVERT FUNCTION: PREVENTION OF EXTERNAL CHAOS
    - Blend of autonomy functions and community frameworks
    - Ex: disinheritance laws
  2. COVERT FUNCTION: PREVENTION OF INTERNAL CHAOS
    - Trying to preserve the symbolic order
    - Ex: death penalty
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2
Q

BEFORE DEATH

A
  1. WISHES
    - what should happen after we die (MITH)
  2. BELIEFS
    - what does a person believes happens to them when they die
  3. IDIOSYNCRACY
    - individual preferences (be buried in glass box)
  4. FAMILY SYSTEMS
    - preferences influenced by relationships
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3
Q

ISSUES W WISHES

A
  1. Wills/trusts:
    - Family that have addictions or gambling issues, “will they blow it all”
    - 5, 7 years old girls getting expensive inherited jewelry, “can they get it”
  2. Medical proxy/ advanced care directives
    - In case you’re not able to state your wishes
    - “if my heart stops, don’t try to revive me”
  3. Power of attorney
    - Legal and financial point person
    - In principle, this is a good thing
    - Financial abuse of the elderly can happen
  4. Organ and body donation
    - 70% think it’s a good idea
    - Goes back to identity markers
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4
Q

What are political issues?

A

Focusing on the government: how they treat their citizens and how nations treat each other.

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5
Q

AFTER DEATH

A
  1. TAXES/ ESTATES
    - probate process: without a will, court decides whether survivor gets right to estate
  2. FUNERARY CONSTRAINTS
    - decorations (violates cemetery policy)
    - zoning laws (location of cemeteries)
  3. FUNERAL BUSINESS REGULATIONS
    - “sale’s persons dream” taking advantage of ppl who have no idea $$
  4. AUTOPSY/ EXHUMATION
    - refers to sacredness of body
    -“after buried, should not be dug up”
  5. NECROPHILIA
  6. NECESSITY OF DISPOSAL
    - can’t bury body in backyard
  7. LACK OF PREP
    - organs, funeral, costs, etc
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6
Q

The “Laurier Death Game”

A

Divided into 4 games with 2 resources each.

Discuss, negotiate, and make an alliance with one other group

Two alliances:
1. North-South
2. East-West

Two tasks are done by each alliance:
1. First task: rate quality and stability of life within their own and other alliance*

  1. Second Task: rate again
    resulted in…
    - North-south: stronger in group favouritism
    - East-west: weaker in group favouritism

therefore death changes everything.

*alliance rated their own group superior; death no longer exists

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7
Q

KEY BACKGROUND FACTORS IN MEDICAL LVL

A

1) community health initiatives
- What resources are available for health promotion or disease prevention
- Assumption that the water from tap is clean, so if you drink it, it “won’t be bad for you”

2) Health care accessibility
- Literally availability effects it’s psychological availability

3) 4 types of death
Effects not only their death but how they experience their death

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8
Q

KEY PLAYERS/ DECISION MAKERS (MED LVL) (3)

A

1) Physician/ medical staff

2) family

3) patient (see next cue card)

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9
Q

KEY PLAYERS (PATIENT) (4)

A
  1. Fears:
    • what are they telling themselves, what are they feeling?
    • Not only are you worried about your own death, but what will happen to the ones that care about them
    • Or, the thought of being forgotten hurts them
  2. Communication style:
    • Do they even know how they’re feeling
    • How safe is it to talk about their feelings
    • How willing are they to admit that their in pain
  3. Sense of responsibility:
    • If patient is legal adult, how involved are they in the decision making process
    • Some of them will feel it’s too much for them, burden of responsibility is on family
  4. Unfinished business:
    • Depends on the type of death
    • Some have a window of time to resolve
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10
Q

KEY ISSUES (MED LVL) (4)

A

1) Quality of life
- Possibility of recovery
- Duration of the dying process
- Pain vs comfort
- Preservation of personhood
- Much rather be dead than a body that isn’t able to take care of themselves
- Can personhood be preserved

2) Communication 
- Talking and listening 
- If patient is a child, complicates the decision making process because they can’t advocate for their own health
- Information and feelings 

3) Choice 
- A sense of choice  (do I have it)
- What is their sense of perceived choice
- Making choices  (am I taking control of it)
- There is typically: acceptance , refusal and search for alternatives 
- Playing god Competing ethical frameworks (Shweder)

4) Hospice: healing vs cure 
- Cure: cure the disease 
- Hospice, typically dealing with terminally ill individual
- Not about the physical cure , rather than the healing the mental, emotional etc
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11
Q

COMPETING ETHICAL FRAMEWORKS (SHWEDER)

A
  • Tried to figure out what are they prioritizing when they’re trying to make ethical decisions
  • Different regions have different ideas of good and ethical
  • If you want to do good, you must consider the 3 ethics:
  1. Autonomy
    • Harm, rights and justice
    • Focus on the patients rights
    • Capacity to choose, be involved in their treatment
  2. Community
    • Duty, hierarchy, accountability
    • I’m dying, what issues does that raise
    • Am I abandoning people, am I a burden
  3. Divinity
    • Sacred/ natural order
    • This is the way it is; there are bigger things at play , bigger than you and me
    • Life is sacred : MAD = no!!!
    • Every individual dies at their own natural plan
    • Blood transfusion= violation of natural Law

Frameworks are not mutually exclusive !!!

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12
Q

Laurier Death Game: North-South

A

land, building materials, transportation, medicine

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13
Q

Laurier Death Game: East-West

A

food, fuel, military, communication

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14
Q

Death and the nation: two perspective

A

Internal perspective: how does the government treats its won citizens

External perspective: how do nations treat other

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15
Q

Internal perspective

A

how a governement deal with the people residing in the country

assessed through a political report card.

Includes CHAGILE
Corruption, Human rights, Assasinations, Genocide, Infant mortality, Life expectancy, Environmental degradation.

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16
Q

IP - Corruption

A

Examine the extent to which international aid is diverted by government official for personal gain

considers factors such as lobbying, bribes, etc

examine elements that unfairly interfere with policy making, favoring profit and power over public good.

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17
Q

IP - Human Rights

A

typically applied at a subgroup level (race, sexuality, etc.)

involves issues of inclusion and exclusion, essentially deciding who really matters.

encompasses all residents, including refugees and undocumented citizens

focuses on aspects like protection, employment, and access to healthcare

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18
Q

IP - Asssassinations

A

recognizes that some citizens are considered more important than others in terms of potential assassination.

acknowledges the potential consequences, such as creating power vacuums, instability or sparking revolutions.

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19
Q

IP - Genocide

A

represents the most extreme denial of human rights

not a random or trivial occurence; often involves extensive justification and preparation.

leaders must sell the idea to themselves and citizens to avoid resistance.

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20
Q

IP - Infant Mortality

A

usually linked to disease and malnutrition

examines population planning strategies, citing examples like China’s one child policy and Ceausescu’s polices in Romania

highlights the unintended consequence and challenges of such policies

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21
Q

IP - Life Expectancy

A

Acknowledges that life expectancy is influence by all the factors mentioned above

Outcome of all of the above affecting the average and who dies when

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22
Q

IP - Environmental Degradation

A

encompasses issues like climate change and access to clean water

recognizes the challenge of tracking slow moving environmental changes and linking them to individual actions.

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23
Q

External Perspective

A

How nations engage with one another

includes war as well as the use of language in war and sanctions

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24
Q

EP - War

A

intended to cause harm and kill

nations innovare for more effective harm (ex. Japan’s use of virus infected insects - more deaths than the atomic bomb)

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25
Q

EP - War: Use of Language

A

Need to engage in storytelling in order to communicate with the rest of the world.

noteworthy language tactics:

Euphemism, Mechanical Language, Official denial and reassurance, forewarning and justificaion, ambiguity of the death toll.

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26
Q

Use of Language: Euphemism

A

Words for something else, makes it more polite.

Ex. toilet vs potty terms.

doesnt talk about people being killed but collateral damages like casualities, losses, etc.

27
Q

Use of Language: Mechanical Language

A

to describe killing troops and referring to shooting planes and tanks as a ‘kill’

28
Q

Use of Language: Official denial and reassurance

A

phrases like “trust us, we know what were doing.”

29
Q

Use of Language: Forewarning and justification

A

Blame is put symbollically on the leaders of the group

with language adjustments when things become challenging

30
Q

Use of Language: Ambiguity in reporting death tolls

A

makes it difficult to determine the exact number of deaths

numbers will be consistent with the stores that people are trying to tell

31
Q

EP - Sanctions

A

Seems more humane but can be devastating. Biggest impact on the people that are already disadvantaged

develop slowly often worse than war.

purpose: pressure a country to negotiate (ex. trade restrictions)

dispropotionalty affects the vulnerable.

32
Q

politics, death, and the individual

A

every nation is ultimately composed of individuals

33
Q

Nation as extended self

A

Identity marker: how individual perceive their nation

Perceptual distancing: study by Burris and Branscombe - participants estimated distances between locations on a map.

notable findings of the study:

distances within the US were similar
crossing the border to Canada showed the biggest perceived distance.
without a map, distances were visually equivalent.

highight perceptual distancing when crossing borders

34
Q

Overgeneralization of threat

A

study by Hapern-Felsher and Millstein (2002): surveyed 9th grader before and after 9/11

findings:
post 9/11, increased perception of risk not only from terrorism but also from tornadoes and earthquakes

generalized feelings of being more threatened overall

35
Q

concept of “homeland”

A

refers to a place that hold significant emotion cultural and often historical value for a group of people.

provides a feeling of rootedness and connection to a larger group

36
Q

Concept of ‘homeland’ - pollack, 2003: Srebrenica

A

small scale genocide of muslims killing more than 8000 bosniak muslim men and boys

bodies must be buried where they died, land becomes a symbol

37
Q

Srebrenica: Symbolic function - The Grieving Survivor

A
  1. containment of grief
    - survivors want to bury bodies near where their loved ones died
    - keeps the sadness separate from their daily life
  2. Affirmation of the collective
    - remember the dead becomes something everyone does together
    - strengthens the shared identity and memory of the community
  3. release of the dead
    - muslims believe the soul can only be free if the body is buried and prayers are said
    - this frees the spirit according to their beliefs
38
Q

citizens as part of the nations extended self

A
  1. protection and loss
    - nations are interested whether their own citizens die
    - human rights: prioritize own citizens
  2. RECOVERY
    - the government is responsible for bringing the deceased citizen’s body back to the homeland.
    - ‘dead hostages’ and ‘the angry survivor’
39
Q

Recovery - ‘dead hostages’

A

deceased citizens of a country can be used to bargain

citizens body is an extended self of the country

40
Q

Recovery - ‘the angry survivor’

A

wanted same things as ‘grieving survivor’ but for different reasons

  1. revenge: remind forces of failure - reclaiming land
  2. instruction: public reminder to the rest of the world that something went wrong
    - learn from it so it doesnt happen again
    - eliciting sympathy from international community.
41
Q

What are the functions of art/media

A

1) Information-
2) Evocation- creating an emotional reaction
- Death can be used to evoke sympathy and terror
- Death catches peoples attention
3) Persuasion- seen as cognitive motivational outcome
- About trying to move us in some way.
- Not just about emotion but action.
- Maybe the goal is for us to self reflect or change our behaviour

42
Q

greatest challenges to dignity: Hovland and Mallett (2020) - MLR

A

the greatest challenge identified to the dignity of patients dying with dementia was deal with incontinence*

52% of caregivers struggles to maintain their family members dignity and comfort fue to the added challenge of incontinence at the end of life

*lack of voluntary control over urination or defecation

43
Q

Representation implies interpretation (Key Idea)

A
  • We are all storytellers…
  • We are always telling stories to ourselves
  • Storytelling is how we make sense out of things
  • It can be formal or it can be that person looked at me weird, why did they do that?
44
Q

Is photo/video more objective?

A

It’s not more objective
Because… (next card)

45
Q

1) Selective capture

A

matter of timing, location, whoever the blogger, journalist is ect.
- Maybe they didn’t document it properly and we didn’t get any context of how long
or why it escalated.

46
Q

Selective presentation

A

is it raw and unedited?
- Has it been cleaned up?
- Are they making editorial edits to make sure we got the most interesting bits?
- There’s a difference between editing and raw

47
Q

Outright falsification

A

digital representations of people are becoming convincing.
- People can make shit up
- Do we know for sure this is real?
- The technology is becoming more challenging

48
Q

What about mobile technology?

A

1) CAN decentralize/ democratize
- Everyone can become a journalist who has a phone and can record
- This allows more storytelling
2) BUT still isnt agenda free
- What are the motives

49
Q

The Falling Man (given for this particular quota)

A
  • Richard drew took the picture
  • He saw people coming down the building and he distinctly took pictures of them
  • It’s a quite photo
  • Some were mad cause they didn’t want to see
  • One of the only photos showing someone dying from that day
50
Q

What influences death related interpretations?

A

Insight from the communication model:
Who said what to whom with what effect?

Who said- the source
What- message
Whom- audience, receivers

51
Q

1) Source contraints- sender

A
  • Internal to the sender that limit and direct the representations of choices
  • Knowledge/ experience base is important:
  • Motives: our goals
  • What are their motives as using death as apart of their communication

a) Shock- use death to shock the receivers
b) Console- bring comfort to receivers. What are you going to say about or
frame it?
c) Threaten- receiver avoids/ escapes harm
d) sell - death is used to sell. Think about the good things that are involved
here

52
Q

Examples of shock:

A
  • Suicide bomer t-shirt
  • Death metal- war, destruction, isolation, insanity, death, horror, gory
53
Q

Functions:
Protesting contextual constraints

A

Establishing a sense of “uniqueness”
Empowerment through defiance
- Wearing the t-shirt has affected people- mission accomplished
- I have an impact on my world even though it may not be good [and sometimes community]

These are all possible psychological functions

54
Q

Example of console: talking/ writing cure (Pennebaker)

A

Wondered if there was value in people writing/talking about trauma

55
Q

trauma

A

they challenge assumptions about the world and our place in it. They keep being stuck in the loop of this event
- The brian is saying your world view has been injured and you need to be repaired.

56
Q

1 Social stage model of dealing with it:

A

1) trauma/ emergency (lots of talk)
- People are more likely to talk to people they wouldn’t normally talk to.
- For instance fire alarm in building

57
Q

2 Social stage model of dealing with it:

A

2) Inhibition ( think,not talk)
- Some are still stuck on event
- They are just thinking not talking
- There tired of listeners are tired of listening
- This is where the effects start to have an impact
- If the intrusive thoughts are still there it will start to affect you

58
Q

3 Social stage model of dealing with it:

A

3) Adaptation? (only if…)

Community expressions: including art
- Everyone joins in on the art
- Toden pole to honor death of son and the community helps to make it

Social media: it’s complicated
- Can people access the account on instagram of their dead relative
- Memorial fb page for dead character on show. People can write their feelings.

Journal/ private writing: A Grief Observed

59
Q

3 ASSUMED NUMAN NEEDS (if isn’t there, we suffer)

A
  1. MEANING: we want the world to make sense.
    • Always trying to come up with explanations
    1. CONTROL: if we can understand meaning, we can start predicting, if we can predict we can try to figure out the good and bad outcomes of our actions
      - Learned helplessness: what they do doesn’t make a difference, so will essentially quit
    2. RELATIONSHIP: we can only do so much as individuals
      - Dependant on others for a long time
      - Cannot exist in isolation
      - Pushes us towards cooperation
      Social rejection is physically painful; hits the same pain centres
60
Q

RELIGION DEFINED

A
  1. ASCRIBING IMPORTANCE TO AN ENTITY
    • Can be force, or principle, or person
    • In order for religion to exist, someone needs to make the “god” they believe in the HIGHEST FORM OF IMPORTANCE
    • Gives religion it’s motive power
    1. IN THE ABSENCE OF “OBJECTIVELY JUSTIFIABLE” CRITERIA
      - Most of what we think we know about the world comes from 2 sources:
    2. Direct experience (direct observations)
    3. The experiences of others (social consensus)
      - “you may need to look beyond what your senses and others are telling you”
      - Religion asks you to go beyond these things
      - If people go beyond: gives religion it’s mode of power and RESILIENCE
      - Exceptional robust: peoples beliefs are not easily shakeable
    4. AND SUBQUENTLY ATTEMPTING TO USE IT OR RELATE TO IT
61
Q

WHY OR HOW IS RELIGION APPLICABLE TO DEATH

A
  1. SPECIALIZING IN NON-EMIRICAL QUESTIONS
    • Questions that can’t be answered w data: regarding,,
    • Origins: what makes us alive
    • Purpose: why are we here and how should we live?
    • Destinations: why do we die? What happens when we do?
    1. WYSIWYG VERSUS THE UNSEEN
      - What you see is what you get
      - Necessity for world religious view: religious is typically always the unseen
    2. AFTERDEATH BELIEFS (BURRIS AND BAILEY, 2009)
      - Belief is INESCAPABLE
      - If you ask someone what will happen when they die, any answer will be based on belief
      - Because it is something that has not yet been experienced, therefore will have to succumb to belief
62
Q

RELIGION DEATH AND CONTROL

A

A) BELIEF/BEHAVIOUR EFFICACY
- Whether or not the individual beliefs what they believe in or how they live there lives has an impact on what happens to you when you die
- You have a say in what happens to you, offer the follower a path

B) INTERPRETATION
- Seen as punishment, or a test 
C) PRESCRIPTION
D) SACRIFICE
- Life feeds off life principle 
E) INCORPERATION
- If you take in a being, you take on it's qualities 
- Bread and blood; taking in god, taking in his qualities as well 
F) HEROES
G) BORDER PATROL
- Gotta go all in in your world view, but then how will you deal with world views that are different
63
Q

RELIGIOUS GRAPH FROM LECTURE

A

ANNHILATION (no, no and no) (secular)
- Most common and logical for those who aren’t religious or spiritual
- Also most associated w suicide: when you’re done it’s done

DISEMOBDIED SPIRIT (conscious YES, identity no, physically no) (east)
- You stay conscious forever but you don’t have a body, and identity is lost

SPIRITUAL EMBODIMENT (conscious yes, identity yes, physically no) (west)
- You are still you just no body
- Foundation for paranormal experiences/beliefs

REINCARNATION (conscious yes, identity no, physically yes) (east)
- No memory
- Born as a different person
- Consciousness will make it’s way back to your new body, but your identity will be lost, memories etc

BODILY RESURRECTION (yes, yes and yes) (west)
- Raised from the dead
- I will live in my body again, not as a zombie
- All 3 will be together again in the future
- Complete identity preservation

psych of death and dying (1 decks)

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