Test 2 Flashcards
What is descriptive epidemiology?
describes the disease according to dimensions of person, place, and time
-asks the questions: what is the disease, who is affected, where are they, when do the events occur
what is analytic epidemiology?
looks at causes and associations btwn factors
or events and health
-deals with determinants of health and disease
___________ investigates distribution or patterns of health events in populations and the determinants or the factors that influence those patterns
epidemiology
The__________ of health events are the factors, exposures, characteristics, and behaviors that [influence] the patterns: how does it occur, why are some people affected more than others
Determinants
A _____is a measure of the frequency of a health event in different populations at certain periods of time
Rate
A/An ________ quantifies the rate of development of new cases in a population at risk
incidence rate
________ reflects the cumulative effect of the incidence rate over a period of time
Incidence proportion
If there were 7945 women that did not have breast cancer detected, who are followed over a 5 year period —> in which there were 44 women diagnosed during the 5 year period -what is the 5 year incidence proportion?
44/7945 = 0.005538 or 553.8 per 100,000
A(n) ________ occurs when the rate of disease, injury, or other condition exceeds the usual level of that condition
epidemic
The _________ is a measure of existing disease in a population at a particular time (ie the number of existing cases/current population
prevalence proportion
______is an annual rate that represents the proportion of a population that dies from any cause during the period, using the midyear population as the denominator
Crude mortality rate
__________is the proportion of persons who are exposed to an agent and develop the disease.
Attack rate
are often specific to an exposure
_______is an animate or inanimate factor that must be present or lacking for a disaster or condition to develop
Agent
What are the following examples of: bacteria, viruses, fungi, toxic chemicals, pesticides, radiation, heat, cold
Agents
3 types infectious, chemical, physical
A ______ is a living species (human or animal) capable of being infected or affected by an agent
host
The _________is all that is internal or external to a given host or agent and that is influenced and influences the host and/or agent
environment
What are the three components of the epidemiologic triangle
-agent-host-environment-
How does the epidemiologic triangle explain disease transmission?
-changes in one of the elements of the triangle can influence the occurrence of disease by increasing or decreasing a person’s risk
The____________recognizes the complex interrelationships of many factors interacting, sometimes in subtle ways, to increase or decrease the risk of disease.
web of causality
Instructing families not to use lead-based paint or to remove lead-based paint and repaint with non-lead-based paints is an example of what level of prevention
Primary
Identifying if any household members has a raised blood level is an example of what level of prevention?
Secondary
Initiating treatment for lead poisoning to reduce blood levels is an example of what level of prevention?
Tertiary
_____is the precision or repeatability of a measure, specifically its consistency from one time of use to another
Reliability
__________is the accuracy of a test or measurement, how closely it measures what it claims to measure.
Validity
What is the most important predictor of overall mortality?
Age
What are indicators used to assess the health of a community?
- infant mortality rate
- death rates (mva, work-related injury, suicide, lung and breast ca, cvd, homocide, all causes)
- reported incidence per 100,000 of AIDS, measles, TB, and primary and secondary syphillis
- Indicators of risk factors—
What risk factors are important when determining the health of a community?
- incidence of low birth weight (less than 2500 gm)
- births to adolescents (females 10-17 yrs)
- prenatal care (mothers delivering who did not receive prenatal care)
- childhood poverty level
- air quality
What indicators of community structure are important for determining the health of the community?
-service use patterns
-treatment data
-provider/client ratios
(explain number of hospital beds or number of ER visits to a particular hospital)
_________ ________is the meeting of collective needs by identifying problems and managing interactions within the community itself and between the community and larger society.
Community health
Implementing an immunization program for a community is an example of a nursing intervention at what level of prevention?
Which dimension of community health does it address?
Primary
status dimension of community health because the mission is to either prevent or treat a disease in its early stage
Developing a program for school health clinics after noticing a deficit of health care for children 6-17 in schools is an intervention that effects what dimension of community health?
Structural dimension because it is directed at health services or population demographic characteristics.
Developing educational programs with community members to fill an education gap for families is an example of an intervention that affects what dimension of community health?
Process dimension because it is an intervention at the primary level–health promotion.
How is status measured in the community?
- Vital statistics (live birth, neonatal deaths, infant deaths, maternal deaths) *census, state health dept
- incidence and prevalence of leading causes of mortality and morbidity *census, state health dept, local health dept
- health risk profiles of selected aggregates *support groups, non profits
- functional ability levels *census data, U.S. dept. of labor
How is structure measured in the community?
- Health facilities (hospitals, nursing homes, health depts, grant programs, prepaid health plans) *local chamber of commerce, United Way
- Health-related planning groups *local newspapers and magazines, local government
- Health manpower (physicians, dentists, nurses, social workers) *professional licensing boards
- Health resource use patterns (bed occupancy, client/provider visits) *medicare/medicaid databases, annual reports from hospitals, HMOs
How is process measured in community health?
- Commitment to community health *local government, real estate agencies (turnover rate/vacancy rates)
- Awareness of self and others and clarity of situational definitions
- Conflict and containment and accomodation
- Participation
- Management of relationships with society
- Machinery for participant interaction and decision making
