Test 2

Question 0

What is descriptive epidemiology?

Answer 0

describes the disease according to dimensions of person, place, and time
-asks the questions: what is the disease, who is affected, where are they, when do the events occur

Question 1

what is analytic epidemiology?

Answer 1

looks at causes and associations btwn factors
or events and health
-deals with determinants of health and disease

Question 2

___________ investigates distribution or patterns of health events in populations and the determinants or the factors that influence those patterns

Answer 2

epidemiology

Question 3

The__________ of health events are the factors, exposures, characteristics, and behaviors that [influence] the patterns: how does it occur, why are some people affected more than others

Answer 3

Determinants

Question 4

A _____is a measure of the frequency of a health event in different populations at certain periods of time

Answer 4

Rate

Question 5

A/An ________ quantifies the rate of development of new cases in a population at risk

Answer 5

incidence rate

Question 6

________ reflects the cumulative effect of the incidence rate over a period of time

Answer 6

Incidence proportion

Question 7

If there were 7945 women that did not have breast cancer detected, who are followed over a 5 year period —> in which there were 44 women diagnosed during the 5 year period -what is the 5 year incidence proportion?

Answer 7

44/7945 = 0.005538 or 553.8 per 100,000

Question 8

A(n) ________ occurs when the rate of disease, injury, or other condition exceeds the usual level of that condition

Answer 8

epidemic

Question 9

The _________ is a measure of existing disease in a population at a particular time (ie the number of existing cases/current population

Answer 9

prevalence proportion

Question 10

______is an annual rate that represents the proportion of a population that dies from any cause during the period, using the midyear population as the denominator

Answer 10

Crude mortality rate

Question 11

__________is the proportion of persons who are exposed to an agent and develop the disease.

Answer 11

Attack rate

are often specific to an exposure

Question 12

_______is an animate or inanimate factor that must be present or lacking for a disaster or condition to develop

Answer 12

Agent

Question 13

What are the following examples of: bacteria, viruses, fungi, toxic chemicals, pesticides, radiation, heat, cold

Answer 13

Agents

3 types infectious, chemical, physical

Question 14

A ______ is a living species (human or animal) capable of being infected or affected by an agent

Answer 14

host

Question 15

The _________is all that is internal or external to a given host or agent and that is influenced and influences the host and/or agent

Answer 15

environment

Question 16

What are the three components of the epidemiologic triangle

Answer 16

-agent-host-environment-

Question 17

How does the epidemiologic triangle explain disease transmission?

Answer 17

-changes in one of the elements of the triangle can influence the occurrence of disease by increasing or decreasing a person’s risk

Question 18

The____________recognizes the complex interrelationships of many factors interacting, sometimes in subtle ways, to increase or decrease the risk of disease.

Answer 18

web of causality

Question 19

Instructing families not to use lead-based paint or to remove lead-based paint and repaint with non-lead-based paints is an example of what level of prevention

Answer 19

Primary

Question 20

Identifying if any household members has a raised blood level is an example of what level of prevention?

Answer 20

Secondary

Question 21

Initiating treatment for lead poisoning to reduce blood levels is an example of what level of prevention?

Answer 21

Tertiary

Question 22

_____is the precision or repeatability of a measure, specifically its consistency from one time of use to another

Answer 22

Reliability

Question 23

__________is the accuracy of a test or measurement, how closely it measures what it claims to measure.

Answer 23

Validity

Question 24

What is the most important predictor of overall mortality?

Answer 24

Age

Question 25

What are indicators used to assess the health of a community?

Answer 25

• infant mortality rate
• death rates (mva, work-related injury, suicide, lung and breast ca, cvd, homocide, all causes)
• reported incidence per 100,000 of AIDS, measles, TB, and primary and secondary syphillis
• Indicators of risk factors—

Question 26

What risk factors are important when determining the health of a community?

Answer 26

• incidence of low birth weight (less than 2500 gm)
• births to adolescents (females 10-17 yrs)
• prenatal care (mothers delivering who did not receive prenatal care)
• childhood poverty level
• air quality

Question 27

What indicators of community structure are important for determining the health of the community?

Answer 27

-service use patterns
-treatment data
-provider/client ratios
(explain number of hospital beds or number of ER visits to a particular hospital)

Question 28

_________ ________is the meeting of collective needs by identifying problems and managing interactions within the community itself and between the community and larger society.

Answer 28

Community health

Question 29

Implementing an immunization program for a community is an example of a nursing intervention at what level of prevention?
Which dimension of community health does it address?

Answer 29

Primary

status dimension of community health because the mission is to either prevent or treat a disease in its early stage

Question 30

Developing a program for school health clinics after noticing a deficit of health care for children 6-17 in schools is an intervention that effects what dimension of community health?

Answer 30

Structural dimension because it is directed at health services or population demographic characteristics.

Question 31

Developing educational programs with community members to fill an education gap for families is an example of an intervention that affects what dimension of community health?

Answer 31

Process dimension because it is an intervention at the primary level–health promotion.

Question 32

How is status measured in the community?

Answer 32

• Vital statistics (live birth, neonatal deaths, infant deaths, maternal deaths) *census, state health dept
• incidence and prevalence of leading causes of mortality and morbidity *census, state health dept, local health dept
• health risk profiles of selected aggregates *support groups, non profits
• functional ability levels *census data, U.S. dept. of labor

Question 33

How is structure measured in the community?

Answer 33

• Health facilities (hospitals, nursing homes, health depts, grant programs, prepaid health plans) *local chamber of commerce, United Way
• Health-related planning groups *local newspapers and magazines, local government
• Health manpower (physicians, dentists, nurses, social workers) *professional licensing boards
• Health resource use patterns (bed occupancy, client/provider visits) *medicare/medicaid databases, annual reports from hospitals, HMOs

Question 34

How is process measured in community health?

Answer 34

• Commitment to community health *local government, real estate agencies (turnover rate/vacancy rates)
• Awareness of self and others and clarity of situational definitions
• Conflict and containment and accomodation
• Participation
• Management of relationships with society
• Machinery for participant interaction and decision making