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orgo chem > Test 2 > Flashcards

Test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Hydrocarbons

A

Composed of hydrogen and carbon

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2
Q

Saturated hydrocarbons

A

No pi bonds, alkanes

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3
Q

IUPAC step 1

A

Identify the parent chain

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4
Q

IUPAC step 2

A

Name the parent chain

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5
Q

1 carbon

A

Methane, meth-

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6
Q

2 carbon

A

Ethane, eth-

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7
Q

3 carbons

A

Propane, prop-

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8
Q

4 carbons

A

Butane, but-

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9
Q

5 carbons

A

Pentane, pent-

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10
Q

6 carbons

A

Hexane, hex-

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11
Q

7 carbons

A

Heptane, hept-

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12
Q

8 carbons

A

Octane, oct-

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13
Q

9 carbons

A

Nonane, non-

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14
Q

10 carbons

A

Decane, dec-

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15
Q

Cyclie alkanes

A

And cyclo- to beginning of name based off number of carbons.

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16
Q

IUPAC step 3

A

Identify side chains, branches. Use -yl instead of -ane for ending

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17
Q

IUPAC step 4

A

Identify where branch or side chain is coming off of parent chain. Number from end with first branch.

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18
Q

IUPAC step 5

A

List numbered substitutes before the parent name alphabetically (ignore the prefixes)

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19
Q

Naming bicyclic compounds

A
  • count the total carbons in the fused rings
  • bicyclo- prefix
  • bracketed numbers
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20
Q

Constitutional isomers

A

Same structure that differ in connectivity

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21
Q

More stable

A

Give off less energy

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22
Q

Staggered confirmation

A

Lowest energy, spread out, most stable

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23
Q

Eclipsed confirmation

A

Highest energy , over lapping, least stable

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24
Q

Anti conformation

A

Staggered, methyl groups are farthest apart

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25
Q

Gauche configuration

A

Staggered, methyl groups experience being next to each other so less stable.

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26
Q

Cyclohexane

A
  • zero ring strain
  • lowest energy confirmation “chair”
  • no torsional strain (H staggered)
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27
Q

Axial atoms

A

Point up straight

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28
Q

Equatorial atoms

A

Slightly up or down atoms

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29
Q

Chair flips

A

The result of C-C single bonds rotate

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30
Q

Día I al interactions

A

Like a gauche interaction

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31
Q

Cis isomers

A

Two groups on the same side of the ring

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32
Q

Trans isomers

A

Two groups are on opposite side of a ring

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33
Q

stereoisomers

A

same molecular formula and constitution but different spatial arrangement of atoms

34
Q

chiral atoms

A

bonded to 4 different groups of atoms

35
Q

enantiomers

A

Two molecules that are mirror images but are non-identical and non-superimposable.

36
Q

clockwise

A

R

37
Q

counterclockwise

A

S

38
Q

dash

A

lowest priority group

39
Q

fisher projections horizontal lines

A

forward, wedge

40
Q

fisher projections vertical lines

A

back, dash

41
Q

diastereomers

A

stereoisomers that are not mirror images.

42
Q

E

A

Going different ways from the double bond, walk like an Egyptian.

43
Q

Z

A

going same directions from double bond, zame zide.

44
Q

breaking a bond

A

cost energy

45
Q

creating a bond

A

releases energy

46
Q

+ΔH

A
  • endothermic reaction
  • must take energy from the environment
  • surroundings cool off
47
Q

-ΔH

A
  • exothermic reaction
  • gives energy off
  • surroundings heat up
48
Q

entropy

A

Δs, disorder, randomness, or freedom

49
Q

spontaneous favors

A

the forward direction

50
Q

if ΔStot is positive

A

the process is spontaneous

51
Q

ΔG=

A

ΔHsys-TΔSsys

52
Q

-ΔG

A

is a spontaneous reaction

53
Q

exergonic process

A
  • -ΔG
  • spontaneous favors products
54
Q

endergonic process

A
  • +ΔG
  • nonspontaneous favors the reactants
55
Q

reaction rate depends on

A
  • reactant concentration
  • activation energy
  • temperature
  • geometry & sterics
  • any catalyst present
56
Q

activation energy

A

energy needed to reach the transition state, want higher energy state

57
Q

catalyst lower

A

activation energy

58
Q

Transition states

A

peaks

59
Q

intermediates

A

vallies

60
Q

nucleophiles

A

an atom carrying a formal or partial negative charge and have an available pair of electrons.

61
Q

electrophiles

A

an atom carrying a formal or partial positive charge and can accept a pair of electrons.

62
Q

nucleophilic attack

A
  • the tail of the arrow stars on the electrons
  • head of the arrow ends on a nucleus
63
Q

loss of a leaving group

A

a bond breaks and one atom takes both electrons

64
Q

proton transfers

A

an electron pairs steals an H+, arrow points to H+.

65
Q

carbocation rearrangment

A

moved over one step to become more stable. Can only occur from an adjacent carbon.

66
Q

secondary carbocation

A
  • H
  • R
  • R
67
Q

tertiary carbocation

A
  • R
    -R
  • R
    (most stable form)
68
Q

hydride shift

A

H moves one step over and + moves.

69
Q

methide shift

A

methyl group take one step over, positive charge moves.

70
Q

rule 1 of arrow pushing

A

the arrow starts on a pair of electrons ( a bond or a lone pair)

71
Q

rule 2 of arrow pushing

A

the arrow ends on a nucleus ( a lone pair forms) or between two nuclei ( a bond forms)

72
Q

rule 3 of arrow pushing

A

never give C,N,O, or F more than 8 valence electrons

73
Q

rule 4 of arrow pushing

A

draw arrows that follow the four key patterns we outlined.

74
Q

nucleophilic attack case 1, have a good leaving group

A

reversible

75
Q

nucleophilic attack case 2, has a poor leaving group

A

irreversible

76
Q

loss of a leaving group

A

virtually always reversible

77
Q

proton transfers

A

reversible

78
Q

carbocation rearrangements

A

irreversible

79
Q

chiral compounds

A

both chiral atoms are either R or S

80
Q

Meso compounds

A

one chiral atom is S while one is R

81
Q

enantiomers

A

everything flips

82
Q

diastereomers

A

at least one flips but not all

orgo chem (3 decks)

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