Test 2!! Flashcards
Amniocentesis
A procedure for drawing off and examining fetal cells in the amniotic fluid to determine the presence of various disorders in the fetus
Zygote
A fertilized ovum
Down syndrome
A chromosomal abnormality that leads to mental retardation caused by an extra chromosome on the 21st pair
Zona pellucida
A gelatinous layer that surrounds an ovum
Spontaneous abortion
The sudden involuntary expulsion of the embryo or fetus from the uterus before it is capable of independent life
Hyaluronidase
An enzyme that briefly thins the Zona pellucida, enabling one sperm to penetrate
Infertility
Inability to conceive a child
Male Fertility Problems
- low sperm count
- irregularly shaped sperm
- low sperm motility
- chronic diseases, as well as infectious diseases such as sexually transmitted infections
- an autoimmune response, in which antibodies produced by the man deactivate his own sperm
- a pituitary imbalance and/or thyroid
Motility
Self propulsion. A measure of the viability of sperm cells
Autoimmune response
The production of antibodies that attack naturally occurring substances that are incorrectly recognized as being foreign or harmful
Artificial insemination
Introduction of sperm in the reproductive tract through means other than sexual intercourse
Female fertility problems
- irregular ovulation, including failure to ovulate
- obstructions or malfunctions of the reproductive tract, which are often caused by infections or diseases involving the reproductive tract
- endometriosis
- declining hormone levels of estrogen and progesterone that occur with aging and may prevent the ovum from becoming fertilized or remaining implanted in the uterus
Endometriosis
An abnormal condition in which endometrial tissues sloughed off into the abdominal cavity rather tha out of the body during menstruation. The condition is characterized by abdominal pain and may cause infertility
Laparoscopy
A medical procedure in which a long, narrow tube is inserted through an incision in the navel, permitting the visual inspection of organs in the pelvic cavity
Surrogate mother
A woman who is impregnated, through artificial insemination, with the sperm of a prospective father, carries the embryo and fetus to term, and then gives the child to the prospective parents
Rubin test
A test in which carbon dioxide gas is blown through the cervix and it’s progress through the reproductive tract is tracked to determine whether or not the Fallopian tubes are blocked
In vitro fertilization (ivf)
A method of conception in which mature ova are surgically removed from an ovary and placed in a lab dish along with sperm
Embryonic transfer
A method of conception in which a woman volunteer is artificially inseminated by the mAle partner of the intended mother, after which the embryo is removed from the volunteer and inserted within the uterus of the intended mother
Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (icsi)
A method of conception in which a single sperm is injected directly into an ovum
Hysterosalpingogram
A test in which a dye is injected into the reproductive tract and it’s progress is tracked by x rays to determine whether or not the Fallopian tubes are blocked
Gamete intrafallopian transfer (gift)
A method of conception in which sperm and ova are inserted into a Fallopian tube to encourage conception
Donor ivf
A variation of in vitro fertilization in which the ovum is taken from one woman, fertilized, and then injected into the uterus or Fallopian tube of another woman
Zygote intrafallopian transfer (zift)
A method of conception in which an ovum is fertilized in a lab dish then placed in a Fallopian tube
Human chorionic gonadotropin (hcg)
A hormone produced by women shortly after conception, which stimulates the corpus luteum to continue to produce progesterone. The presence of hcg in a woman’s urine indicates that she is pregnant
Miscarriage
A spontaneous abortion
Morning sickness
Symptoms of pregnancy, including nausea, aversions to specific foods, and vomiting
Trophoblast
The outer part of the blastocyst, from which the amniotic sac, placenta, and umbilical cord develop
Germinal stage
The period of prenatal development before implantation in the uterus
-first two weeks
Blastocyst
A stage within the germinal stage of prenatal development, at which the embryo is a sphere of cells surrounding a cavity of fluid
Embryonic disk
The plate like inner part of the blastocyst which differentiates into the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm of the embryo
The two cells that form eventually become the embryo and fetus
Period of the ovum
Germinal stage
Amniotic sac
The sac containing the fetus
Mesoderm
The central layer of the embryo, from which the bones and muscles develop
Amniotic fluid
Fluid within the amniotic sac that suspends and protects the fetus
Endoderm
The inner layer of the newly formed embryo, from which the lungs and digestive system develop
- liver
- pancreas
Neural tube
A hollow area in the blastocyst from which the nervous system will develop
Forms three weeks after conception because of two ridges that Appear in the embryo
Ectoderm
The outermost cell layer of the newly formed embryo from which the skin and nervous system develop
Hair,nails, teeth, sensory organs also form
Proximodistal
From the central axis of the body outward
Cephalocaudal
From the head downward
Embryonic stage
The stage of prenatal development that lasts from implantation through the eighth week and is characterized by the differentiation of the major organ systems
Placenta
An organ connected to the fetus by the umbilical cord. The placenta serves as a relay station between mother and fetus allowing the exchanges of nutrients and waste
Umbilical cord
A tube that connects the fetus to the placenta
Age of viability
The age at which a fetus can Austin independent life
Teratogens
Environmental influences or agents that can damage an embryo or fetus
Breech presentation
Emergence of the baby bottom or feet first from the womb
Cephalon presentation
The baby is born head first from the womb
Ectopic pregnancy
A pregnancy in which the fertilized ovum becomes implanted someplace other that than the uterus
Syphilis
A sti bacterial infection…can cause stillbirth
Stillbirth
The birth of a dead fetus
Aids….acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
A condition caused by HIV that destroys white blood cells in the immune system leaving the body vulnerable to diease
Toxemia
A life threatening condition that is characterized by high blood pressure.
- comes in the second or early third trimester
- preeclampsia- first stage, protein in the urine, swelling from fluid retention, high blood pressure, headaches, visual problems, abdominal pain
- eclampsia- maternal or fetal death
Critical period of vulnerability
A period of time during which an embryo or fetus is vulnerable to the effects of a teratogen
Rubella
A viral infection that can cause mental retardation and heart diease in an embryo…or German measles
Des….diethylstilbestrol
An estrogen that was once given to women at risk for miscarriage to help maintain pregnancy
Rh incompatibility
A condition in which antibodies produced by a pregnant woman are transmitted into the fetus and may cause death or brain damage
Fetal alcohol syndrome
A cluster of symptoms caused by maternal drinking in which the child shoes developmental lags and characteristic facial features such as an underdeveloped upper jaw, flattened nose, and widely spaced eyes
Cystic fibrosis
A genetic disease in which the pancreas and lungs become clogged with mucus which impairs the processes of respiration and digestion
Hemophilia
A sex linked disorder in which your blood does not clot properly
Huntington diseases
A fatal neurological disorder with an onset that occurs in middle adult hood
Neural tube defects
Includes anencephaly, where part of the brain is missing, and spina bifida is which part of the spine is exposed or missing
Phenylketonuria
A disorder when children cannot metabolize phenylalanine and causes mental retardation. Can be controlled through diet
Retinal blastoma
A form of blindness caused by a dominant gene
Tay Sachs
A fatal neurological disorder that primarily effects Jews and Europeans
Sickle cell anemia
A blood disorder in which deformed blood cells obstruct small blood vessels decreasing their capacity to carry oxygen and heightening the risk of occasionally fatal infections
Oxytocin
A picture hormone that stimulates contractions
Braxton hicks contractions
False labor contractions that are relatively painless
Prostaglandins
Uterine hormones that stimulate uterine contractions
Transition
The process during which the cervix becomes nearly fully dilated and the head of the fetus begins to move in he the birth canal
Efface
To become thin
Dilate
To open or widen
Recessive trait
A trait that is not expressed when the gene or genes involved have been paired with dominant genes
Perineum
The area between the vulva and the anus
Episiotomy
A surgical incision in the perineum that widens the birth canal preventing random tearing during childbirth
Cesarean section
A method of childbirth in which the fetus is delivered through a surgical incision in the abdomen
Transverse position
A crosswise birth position
General anesthesia
The use of drugs to put people to sleep and eliminate pain
Local anesthesia
Eliminates pain in a specific area
Lamaze method
Method where women learn about childbirth, learn to relax and breathe in patterns that conserve energy and lessen pain
Anoxia
Oxygen deprivation
Preterm
Born before 37 weeks of gestation
Surfactant
Substances that prevent the walls of the airways from sticking together
Respiratory distress syndrome
A cluster of breathing problems, including weak and irregular breathing to which preterm babies are especially vulnerable
Postpartum depression
Persistent and severe mood changes during the postpartum period, involving feelings of despair and apathy characterized by changes in appetite and sleep, low self esteem, and difficulty concentrating
Prolactin
A pituitary hormone that stimulates the production of milk
Lactation
Production of milk by the mammary glands
Lochia
A reddish vaginal discharge that may persist for a month after delivery
Savin Williams and diamond say the development of sexual identity in gays:
Four stages
- attraction to members of the same sex
- self labeling
- sexual contact with same sex
- disclosure to other people
Gay bashing
Violence against homosexuals
- barring hay people from housing, employment, social opportunities
- taunting
- queer jokes
- use of deragotory names
Rivera states that Mexican Americans have negative attitudes towards gays when
- endorse traditional gender roles
- older and less educated
- had more children
- attend more religious services
- conservative
- less contact with gays
Butch
A lesbian who assumes a masculine role
Femme
Lesbian who assumes feminine role
Gender nonconformity
Not behaving in a way that is consistent to the cultures stereotype
Castration anxiety
In psychoanalytic theory a man’s fear that his genitals will be removed. Castration anxiety is an element of the Oedipus complex and it’s implicated in the directionality of retro tic interests
Activating effects
Those effects of sex hormones that influence the level of the sex drive but not sexual orientation
Concordance
Agreement
Dizygotic twins
Twins who develop from different fertilized ova…fraternal twins
Monozygotic twins
Twins who develop from the same fertilized ovum, identical twins
Biphobia
Negative attitudes and feelings toward bisexual people, including intolerance, hatred, and fear
Homophobia
A cluster of negative attitudes and feelings toward gay people including intolerance hatred and fear
Homoerotic
Of an erotic nature and involving members of ones own sex
Heteroerotic
Of an erotic nature and involving members of the other sex
Homosexual orientation
Erotic attraction to and preference for developing romantic relationships with members of the same sex…from the Greek homos which means same not the Latin which means man
Heterosexual orientation
Erotic attraction to and preference for developing romantic relationships with members of the other sex
Sexual orientation
Directionality of ones sexual interests towards members of the same sex, the other sex, or both
Gender stability
The concept that people retain their genders for a lifetime
Gender constancy
Concept that people’s genders do not change even if they alter their dress or behavior
Gender schema
A cluster of mental representations about male and female physical qualities, behaviors, and personality traits
Schema
Concept, way of interpreting experience or processing information
Socialization
Process of guiding people into socially acceptable behavior patterns by means of information, rewards, and punishments
Identification
In psychoanalytic theory, the process of incorporating within ourselves our perceptions of the behaviors, thoughts, and feelings of others
Oedipus complex
Psychoanalytic….a conflict of the phallic stage in which the boy wishes to possess his mother sexually and perceives his father father as a rival in love
Sexism
The prejudgment that because of his or her sex a person will possess negative traits
Gender roles
Complex clusters of behavioral expectations for males and females
Stereotype
A fixed, conventional idea about a group of people
Phalloplasty
The surgical creation of an artificial penis
Gender dysphoria
A sense of incongruity between ones anatomic sex and ones gender identity
Homosexual transsexuals
Extremely feminine gay males who seek sex reassignment
Autogynephilic
Descriptive of transsexuals who are sexually stimulated by fantasies that their own bodies are female
Transgenderism
Synonym for transsexualism
An activist movement seeking rights and pride for transgender movement, the label transgender encompasses transsexuals, transvestites, draq queens and kings, intersexed individuals, and anyone non conventionally gendered
Transsexualism
A condition in which people strongly desire to be of the other sex and live as a person of the other sex i.e. Gender identity disorder
Dominican Republic syndrome
A form of intersexualism in which a genetic enzyme disorder prevents testosterone from masculinizing the external genitalia
Androgen insensitivity syndrome
A form of intersexualism in which a genetic male is prenatally insensitive to androgens such that his genitals are not normally masculinized
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia
A form of intersexualism in which a genetic female has internal female sexual structures but masculinized external genitals
Hermaphrodite
A person who possesses both ovarian and testicular tissue
Intersexualism
A person who possesses the gonads of one sex but external genitalia that are ambiguous or typical of the other sex…psueudohermaphrodite
Sex assignment
The labeling of a newborn as a male female. Also termed gender assignment
Gender identity
Ones belief that one is male or female
Inguinal canal
A fetal canal that connects the scrotum and the testes allowing their descent
Cryptorchidism
The condition defined by undescended testes
Klinefelter syndrome
A sex chromosomal disorder caused by an extra x sex chromosome
Turner syndrome
A genetically determined condition associated with the presence of only one complete X chromosome and with characteristics including usually infertile ovaries, absence of menstruation and short stature
Embryo
The stage of prenatal development that begins with implantation of a fertilized ovum in the uterus and concludes with development of the major organ systems at about two months after conception
Chromosome
One of the rodlike structures found in the nucleus of every living cell that carries the genetic code in the form of genes
Sexual differentiation
The process by which males and females envelop distinct reproductive anatomy
Gender
The psychological state of being female or being male, as influenced by cultural concepts of gender appropriate behavior.
Nagele’s rule
Jot down the first day of the last men cycle
Add seven days
Subtract three months
Add a year
Within 36 hours after conception, the zygote divides into
2 cells
Followed by 32 cells.
It takes the zygote three to four days to reach the uterus, takes another three to four days to reach uterine wall, another week to be implanted
During the third week of development
Head and blood vessels begin to form
By the fourth week,
The heart begins to beat and pump blood
In the second month of development
Nervous impulses begin to travel through the nervous system
The forearms and lower legs appear
The webbing of fingers and toes are gone
Head is rounded
Limbs are elongated and separated
