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Human Sexuality > Test 2!! > Flashcards

Test 2!! Flashcards

0
Q

Amniocentesis

A

A procedure for drawing off and examining fetal cells in the amniotic fluid to determine the presence of various disorders in the fetus

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1
Q

Zygote

A

A fertilized ovum

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2
Q

Down syndrome

A

A chromosomal abnormality that leads to mental retardation caused by an extra chromosome on the 21st pair

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3
Q

Zona pellucida

A

A gelatinous layer that surrounds an ovum

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4
Q

Spontaneous abortion

A

The sudden involuntary expulsion of the embryo or fetus from the uterus before it is capable of independent life

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5
Q

Hyaluronidase

A

An enzyme that briefly thins the Zona pellucida, enabling one sperm to penetrate

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6
Q

Infertility

A

Inability to conceive a child

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7
Q

Male Fertility Problems

A
  • low sperm count
  • irregularly shaped sperm
  • low sperm motility
  • chronic diseases, as well as infectious diseases such as sexually transmitted infections
  • an autoimmune response, in which antibodies produced by the man deactivate his own sperm
  • a pituitary imbalance and/or thyroid
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8
Q

Motility

A

Self propulsion. A measure of the viability of sperm cells

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9
Q

Autoimmune response

A

The production of antibodies that attack naturally occurring substances that are incorrectly recognized as being foreign or harmful

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10
Q

Artificial insemination

A

Introduction of sperm in the reproductive tract through means other than sexual intercourse

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11
Q

Female fertility problems

A
  • irregular ovulation, including failure to ovulate
  • obstructions or malfunctions of the reproductive tract, which are often caused by infections or diseases involving the reproductive tract
  • endometriosis
  • declining hormone levels of estrogen and progesterone that occur with aging and may prevent the ovum from becoming fertilized or remaining implanted in the uterus
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12
Q

Endometriosis

A

An abnormal condition in which endometrial tissues sloughed off into the abdominal cavity rather tha out of the body during menstruation. The condition is characterized by abdominal pain and may cause infertility

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13
Q

Laparoscopy

A

A medical procedure in which a long, narrow tube is inserted through an incision in the navel, permitting the visual inspection of organs in the pelvic cavity

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14
Q

Surrogate mother

A

A woman who is impregnated, through artificial insemination, with the sperm of a prospective father, carries the embryo and fetus to term, and then gives the child to the prospective parents

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15
Q

Rubin test

A

A test in which carbon dioxide gas is blown through the cervix and it’s progress through the reproductive tract is tracked to determine whether or not the Fallopian tubes are blocked

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16
Q

In vitro fertilization (ivf)

A

A method of conception in which mature ova are surgically removed from an ovary and placed in a lab dish along with sperm

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17
Q

Embryonic transfer

A

A method of conception in which a woman volunteer is artificially inseminated by the mAle partner of the intended mother, after which the embryo is removed from the volunteer and inserted within the uterus of the intended mother

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18
Q

Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (icsi)

A

A method of conception in which a single sperm is injected directly into an ovum

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19
Q

Hysterosalpingogram

A

A test in which a dye is injected into the reproductive tract and it’s progress is tracked by x rays to determine whether or not the Fallopian tubes are blocked

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20
Q

Gamete intrafallopian transfer (gift)

A

A method of conception in which sperm and ova are inserted into a Fallopian tube to encourage conception

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21
Q

Donor ivf

A

A variation of in vitro fertilization in which the ovum is taken from one woman, fertilized, and then injected into the uterus or Fallopian tube of another woman

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22
Q

Zygote intrafallopian transfer (zift)

A

A method of conception in which an ovum is fertilized in a lab dish then placed in a Fallopian tube

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23
Q

Human chorionic gonadotropin (hcg)

A

A hormone produced by women shortly after conception, which stimulates the corpus luteum to continue to produce progesterone. The presence of hcg in a woman’s urine indicates that she is pregnant

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24
Q

Miscarriage

A

A spontaneous abortion

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25
Q

Morning sickness

A

Symptoms of pregnancy, including nausea, aversions to specific foods, and vomiting

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26
Q

Trophoblast

A

The outer part of the blastocyst, from which the amniotic sac, placenta, and umbilical cord develop

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27
Q

Germinal stage

A

The period of prenatal development before implantation in the uterus
-first two weeks

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28
Q

Blastocyst

A

A stage within the germinal stage of prenatal development, at which the embryo is a sphere of cells surrounding a cavity of fluid

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29
Q

Embryonic disk

A

The plate like inner part of the blastocyst which differentiates into the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm of the embryo

The two cells that form eventually become the embryo and fetus

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30
Q

Period of the ovum

A

Germinal stage

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31
Q

Amniotic sac

A

The sac containing the fetus

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32
Q

Mesoderm

A

The central layer of the embryo, from which the bones and muscles develop

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33
Q

Amniotic fluid

A

Fluid within the amniotic sac that suspends and protects the fetus

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34
Q

Endoderm

A

The inner layer of the newly formed embryo, from which the lungs and digestive system develop

  • liver
  • pancreas
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35
Q

Neural tube

A

A hollow area in the blastocyst from which the nervous system will develop
Forms three weeks after conception because of two ridges that Appear in the embryo

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36
Q

Ectoderm

A

The outermost cell layer of the newly formed embryo from which the skin and nervous system develop

Hair,nails, teeth, sensory organs also form

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37
Q

Proximodistal

A

From the central axis of the body outward

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38
Q

Cephalocaudal

A

From the head downward

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39
Q

Embryonic stage

A

The stage of prenatal development that lasts from implantation through the eighth week and is characterized by the differentiation of the major organ systems

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40
Q

Placenta

A

An organ connected to the fetus by the umbilical cord. The placenta serves as a relay station between mother and fetus allowing the exchanges of nutrients and waste

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41
Q

Umbilical cord

A

A tube that connects the fetus to the placenta

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42
Q

Age of viability

A

The age at which a fetus can Austin independent life

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43
Q

Teratogens

A

Environmental influences or agents that can damage an embryo or fetus

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44
Q

Breech presentation

A

Emergence of the baby bottom or feet first from the womb

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45
Q

Cephalon presentation

A

The baby is born head first from the womb

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46
Q

Ectopic pregnancy

A

A pregnancy in which the fertilized ovum becomes implanted someplace other that than the uterus

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47
Q

Syphilis

A

A sti bacterial infection…can cause stillbirth

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48
Q

Stillbirth

A

The birth of a dead fetus

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49
Q

Aids….acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

A

A condition caused by HIV that destroys white blood cells in the immune system leaving the body vulnerable to diease

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50
Q

Toxemia

A

A life threatening condition that is characterized by high blood pressure.

  • comes in the second or early third trimester
  • preeclampsia- first stage, protein in the urine, swelling from fluid retention, high blood pressure, headaches, visual problems, abdominal pain
  • eclampsia- maternal or fetal death
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51
Q

Critical period of vulnerability

A

A period of time during which an embryo or fetus is vulnerable to the effects of a teratogen

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52
Q

Rubella

A

A viral infection that can cause mental retardation and heart diease in an embryo…or German measles

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53
Q

Des….diethylstilbestrol

A

An estrogen that was once given to women at risk for miscarriage to help maintain pregnancy

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54
Q

Rh incompatibility

A

A condition in which antibodies produced by a pregnant woman are transmitted into the fetus and may cause death or brain damage

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55
Q

Fetal alcohol syndrome

A

A cluster of symptoms caused by maternal drinking in which the child shoes developmental lags and characteristic facial features such as an underdeveloped upper jaw, flattened nose, and widely spaced eyes

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56
Q

Cystic fibrosis

A

A genetic disease in which the pancreas and lungs become clogged with mucus which impairs the processes of respiration and digestion

57
Q

Hemophilia

A

A sex linked disorder in which your blood does not clot properly

58
Q

Huntington diseases

A

A fatal neurological disorder with an onset that occurs in middle adult hood

59
Q

Neural tube defects

A

Includes anencephaly, where part of the brain is missing, and spina bifida is which part of the spine is exposed or missing

60
Q

Phenylketonuria

A

A disorder when children cannot metabolize phenylalanine and causes mental retardation. Can be controlled through diet

61
Q

Retinal blastoma

A

A form of blindness caused by a dominant gene

62
Q

Tay Sachs

A

A fatal neurological disorder that primarily effects Jews and Europeans

63
Q

Sickle cell anemia

A

A blood disorder in which deformed blood cells obstruct small blood vessels decreasing their capacity to carry oxygen and heightening the risk of occasionally fatal infections

64
Q

Oxytocin

A

A picture hormone that stimulates contractions

65
Q

Braxton hicks contractions

A

False labor contractions that are relatively painless

66
Q

Prostaglandins

A

Uterine hormones that stimulate uterine contractions

67
Q

Transition

A

The process during which the cervix becomes nearly fully dilated and the head of the fetus begins to move in he the birth canal

68
Q

Efface

A

To become thin

69
Q

Dilate

A

To open or widen

70
Q

Recessive trait

A

A trait that is not expressed when the gene or genes involved have been paired with dominant genes

71
Q

Perineum

A

The area between the vulva and the anus

72
Q

Episiotomy

A

A surgical incision in the perineum that widens the birth canal preventing random tearing during childbirth

73
Q

Cesarean section

A

A method of childbirth in which the fetus is delivered through a surgical incision in the abdomen

74
Q

Transverse position

A

A crosswise birth position

75
Q

General anesthesia

A

The use of drugs to put people to sleep and eliminate pain

76
Q

Local anesthesia

A

Eliminates pain in a specific area

77
Q

Lamaze method

A

Method where women learn about childbirth, learn to relax and breathe in patterns that conserve energy and lessen pain

78
Q

Anoxia

A

Oxygen deprivation

79
Q

Preterm

A

Born before 37 weeks of gestation

80
Q

Surfactant

A

Substances that prevent the walls of the airways from sticking together

81
Q

Respiratory distress syndrome

A

A cluster of breathing problems, including weak and irregular breathing to which preterm babies are especially vulnerable

82
Q

Postpartum depression

A

Persistent and severe mood changes during the postpartum period, involving feelings of despair and apathy characterized by changes in appetite and sleep, low self esteem, and difficulty concentrating

83
Q

Prolactin

A

A pituitary hormone that stimulates the production of milk

84
Q

Lactation

A

Production of milk by the mammary glands

85
Q

Lochia

A

A reddish vaginal discharge that may persist for a month after delivery

86
Q

Savin Williams and diamond say the development of sexual identity in gays:

A

Four stages

  • attraction to members of the same sex
  • self labeling
  • sexual contact with same sex
  • disclosure to other people
87
Q

Gay bashing

A

Violence against homosexuals

  • barring hay people from housing, employment, social opportunities
  • taunting
  • queer jokes
  • use of deragotory names
88
Q

Rivera states that Mexican Americans have negative attitudes towards gays when

A
  • endorse traditional gender roles
  • older and less educated
  • had more children
  • attend more religious services
  • conservative
  • less contact with gays
89
Q

Butch

A

A lesbian who assumes a masculine role

90
Q

Femme

A

Lesbian who assumes feminine role

91
Q

Gender nonconformity

A

Not behaving in a way that is consistent to the cultures stereotype

92
Q

Castration anxiety

A

In psychoanalytic theory a man’s fear that his genitals will be removed. Castration anxiety is an element of the Oedipus complex and it’s implicated in the directionality of retro tic interests

93
Q

Activating effects

A

Those effects of sex hormones that influence the level of the sex drive but not sexual orientation

94
Q

Concordance

A

Agreement

95
Q

Dizygotic twins

A

Twins who develop from different fertilized ova…fraternal twins

96
Q

Monozygotic twins

A

Twins who develop from the same fertilized ovum, identical twins

97
Q

Biphobia

A

Negative attitudes and feelings toward bisexual people, including intolerance, hatred, and fear

98
Q

Homophobia

A

A cluster of negative attitudes and feelings toward gay people including intolerance hatred and fear

99
Q

Homoerotic

A

Of an erotic nature and involving members of ones own sex

100
Q

Heteroerotic

A

Of an erotic nature and involving members of the other sex

101
Q

Homosexual orientation

A

Erotic attraction to and preference for developing romantic relationships with members of the same sex…from the Greek homos which means same not the Latin which means man

102
Q

Heterosexual orientation

A

Erotic attraction to and preference for developing romantic relationships with members of the other sex

103
Q

Sexual orientation

A

Directionality of ones sexual interests towards members of the same sex, the other sex, or both

104
Q

Gender stability

A

The concept that people retain their genders for a lifetime

105
Q

Gender constancy

A

Concept that people’s genders do not change even if they alter their dress or behavior

106
Q

Gender schema

A

A cluster of mental representations about male and female physical qualities, behaviors, and personality traits

107
Q

Schema

A

Concept, way of interpreting experience or processing information

108
Q

Socialization

A

Process of guiding people into socially acceptable behavior patterns by means of information, rewards, and punishments

109
Q

Identification

A

In psychoanalytic theory, the process of incorporating within ourselves our perceptions of the behaviors, thoughts, and feelings of others

110
Q

Oedipus complex

A

Psychoanalytic….a conflict of the phallic stage in which the boy wishes to possess his mother sexually and perceives his father father as a rival in love

111
Q

Sexism

A

The prejudgment that because of his or her sex a person will possess negative traits

112
Q

Gender roles

A

Complex clusters of behavioral expectations for males and females

113
Q

Stereotype

A

A fixed, conventional idea about a group of people

114
Q

Phalloplasty

A

The surgical creation of an artificial penis

115
Q

Gender dysphoria

A

A sense of incongruity between ones anatomic sex and ones gender identity

116
Q

Homosexual transsexuals

A

Extremely feminine gay males who seek sex reassignment

117
Q

Autogynephilic

A

Descriptive of transsexuals who are sexually stimulated by fantasies that their own bodies are female

118
Q

Transgenderism

A

Synonym for transsexualism

An activist movement seeking rights and pride for transgender movement, the label transgender encompasses transsexuals, transvestites, draq queens and kings, intersexed individuals, and anyone non conventionally gendered

119
Q

Transsexualism

A

A condition in which people strongly desire to be of the other sex and live as a person of the other sex i.e. Gender identity disorder

120
Q

Dominican Republic syndrome

A

A form of intersexualism in which a genetic enzyme disorder prevents testosterone from masculinizing the external genitalia

121
Q

Androgen insensitivity syndrome

A

A form of intersexualism in which a genetic male is prenatally insensitive to androgens such that his genitals are not normally masculinized

122
Q

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia

A

A form of intersexualism in which a genetic female has internal female sexual structures but masculinized external genitals

123
Q

Hermaphrodite

A

A person who possesses both ovarian and testicular tissue

124
Q

Intersexualism

A

A person who possesses the gonads of one sex but external genitalia that are ambiguous or typical of the other sex…psueudohermaphrodite

125
Q

Sex assignment

A

The labeling of a newborn as a male female. Also termed gender assignment

126
Q

Gender identity

A

Ones belief that one is male or female

127
Q

Inguinal canal

A

A fetal canal that connects the scrotum and the testes allowing their descent

128
Q

Cryptorchidism

A

The condition defined by undescended testes

129
Q

Klinefelter syndrome

A

A sex chromosomal disorder caused by an extra x sex chromosome

130
Q

Turner syndrome

A

A genetically determined condition associated with the presence of only one complete X chromosome and with characteristics including usually infertile ovaries, absence of menstruation and short stature

131
Q

Embryo

A

The stage of prenatal development that begins with implantation of a fertilized ovum in the uterus and concludes with development of the major organ systems at about two months after conception

132
Q

Chromosome

A

One of the rodlike structures found in the nucleus of every living cell that carries the genetic code in the form of genes

133
Q

Sexual differentiation

A

The process by which males and females envelop distinct reproductive anatomy

134
Q

Gender

A

The psychological state of being female or being male, as influenced by cultural concepts of gender appropriate behavior.

135
Q

Nagele’s rule

A

Jot down the first day of the last men cycle
Add seven days
Subtract three months
Add a year

136
Q

Within 36 hours after conception, the zygote divides into

A

2 cells
Followed by 32 cells.
It takes the zygote three to four days to reach the uterus, takes another three to four days to reach uterine wall, another week to be implanted

137
Q

During the third week of development

A

Head and blood vessels begin to form

138
Q

By the fourth week,

A

The heart begins to beat and pump blood

139
Q

In the second month of development

A

Nervous impulses begin to travel through the nervous system
The forearms and lower legs appear
The webbing of fingers and toes are gone
Head is rounded
Limbs are elongated and separated

Human Sexuality (1 decks)

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