Test 2

Question 1

Culture

Answer 1

1.The ways of thinking, the ways of acting, and the material objects that together form a people’s way of life

2.Nonmaterial culture: ideas created by members of a society

3.Material culture: the physical things created by members of a society

Question 2

Nation

Answer 2

A political entity

Question 3

Society

Answer 3

Organized interaction of people who typically live in a nation or some other specific territory

Question 4

Language

Answer 4

Language is a system of symbols that allows people to communicate with one another.
- Cultural transmission
- Sapir-Whorf thesis

Question 5

Symbols

Answer 5

Humans transform elements of the world into symbols.
- Symbols: anything that carries a particular meaning recognized by people who share a culture
- Societies create new symbols all the time.
- Reality for humans is found in the meaning things carry with them.
- Meanings vary within and between cultures.

Question 6

Norms

Answer 6

Rules and expectations by which a society guides the behavior of its members

Question 7

Mores

Answer 7

Widely observed and have great moral significance

Question 8

Folkways

Answer 8

Norms for routine and casual interaction

Question 9

Social Control

Answer 9

Attempts by society to regular people’s thoughts and behavior

Question 10

Ideal Culture

Answer 10

Way things should be
Social patterns mandated by values and norms

Question 11

Real Culture

Answer 11

• Way things actually occur in everyday life
• Social patterns that only approximate cultural expectations

Question 12

Material Culture

Answer 12

• Includes a wide range of physical human creations or artifacts
• Contains artifacts that partly reflect underlying cultural values
• Reflects a society’s technology or knowledge used to make a way of life in particular surroundings

Question 13

Technology

Answer 13

Knowledge that people use to make a way of life in their surroundings

Question 14

High Culture and Popular Culture?

Answer 14

• High culture: cultural patterns that distinguish a society’s elite
• Popular culture: cultural patterns that are widespread among society’s population

Question 15

Counterculture

Answer 15

Cultural patterns that strongly oppose those widely accepted within a society

Question 16

Ethnocentrism and Cultural Relativism

Answer 16

Ethnocentrism
- Practice of judging another culture by the standards of one’s own culture

Cultural relativism
- Practice of judging a culture by its own standards

Question 17

Sociobiology: Evolution and Culture

Answer 17

Sociobiology: a theoretical approach that explores ways in which human biology affects how we create culture

Question 18

Socialization

Answer 18

Lifeline social experience by which individuals develop human potential and learn patterns of their culture

Question 19

Personality

Answer 19

A person’s fairly consistent patterns of thinking, feeling, and acting built through internalization

Question 20

Sigmund Freud’s Elements of Personality

Answer 20

Elements of Personality
- Basic human needs: Eros and thanatos as opposing forces of basic needs

Developing personality
- The id: Basic drives
- The ego: Efforts to achieve balance
- The superego: Culture within

Question 21

Jean Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development

Answer 21

Studied cognition
-How people think and understand

Identified four stages of development
- Sensorimotor stage: experience only through senses
- Preoperational stage: first use language and other symbols
- Concrete operational stage: first see causal connections in surroundings
- Formal operational stage: think abstractly and critically

Question 22

Lawrence Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development

Answer 22

Built on Piaget’s work on moral reasoning
Ways in which individuals judge situations as right or wrong

Proposed developmental stages of moral development
-Preconventional
*Young children experience the world as pain or pleasure.
- Conventional
*Teens lose selfishness
- Define right and wrong in terms of what pleases
- Postconventional
*Final stage
*Consider abstract ethical principles

Question 23

Carol Gilligan’s Theory of Gender and Moral Development

Answer 23

The two sexes use different standards of rightness.
- Boys develop a justice perspective.
*Formal rules define right and wrong.
- Girls develop a care-and-responsibility perspective.
*Personal relationships define reasoning.

Question 24

Resocialization

Answer 24

Radically changing an inmate’s personality by carefully controlling the environment

Question 25

Total institution

Answer 25

A setting in which people are isolated from the rest of society and manipulated by an administrative staff

Question 26

George Herbert Mead’s Theory of the Social Self

Answer 26

Social behaviorism explains how social experience develops an individual’s personality

The self is a product of social experience.
-Self is not present at birth; it develops.
- Self only develops with social experience.
- Social experience is exchange of symbols.
- Seeking meaning leads people to imagine other people’s intentions.
- Understanding intention requires imagining the situation from the other’s point of view.
- By taking the role of the other, we become self-aware.

Question 27

Erik H. Erikson’s Eight Stages of Development

Answer 27

Challenges occur throughout the life course
Stage 1: Infancy—the challenge of trust
Stage 2: Toddlerhood—the challenge of autonomy
Stage 3: Preschool—the challenge of initiative
Stage 4: Preadolescence—the challenge of industriousness
Stage 5: Adolescence—the challenge of gaining identity
Stage 6: Young adulthood—the challenge of intimacy
Stage 7: Middle adulthood—the challenge of making a difference
Stage 8: Old age—the challenge of integrity