Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Environmental Medicine > Test 2 > Flashcards

Test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

MCS (toxicant-induced loss of tolerance)

A

sensitivity or intolerance to a number of chemicals and other irritants at very low concentrations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Sick building syndrome

A

a collection of symptoms reported
by workers in a given building for which no
cause is apparent.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Building related Illness

A

symptoms due to being in building with an identifiable cause

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Natural Gas location and sx

A
  • formed when layers of buried plant and animal is exposed to intense heat and pressure over thousands of year
  • hydrocarbon mostly methane
  • respiratory sx
  • lower WBCs, higher RBCs, Hct, Hgb, and platelets
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are VOCs

A

any carbon-based compounds that readily enter a gaseous state

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Benzene found in

A
  • volcanoes
  • forest fires
  • a natural part of crude oil, gasoline, and cigarette smoke
  • refinery emissions, motor vehicle exhaust
  • glues
  • paints
  • furniture wax
  • detergents
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Benzene health effects

A
  • Drowsiness
  • Dizziness
    • Rapid or irregular heartbeat
    • Headaches
    • Tremors
    • Confusion
    • Unconsciousness
    • Death (at very high levels)
    • Vomiting
    • Irritation of the stomach
    • Sleepiness
    • Convulsions

Chronic
- bone marrow and immune suppression
- irregular menses and decreased size of ovaries’
- leukemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Toluene

A

methylbenzene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Toluene location

A
  • plastic soda bottles
  • synthetic fragrances
  • inks
  • cleaning agents
  • nylon
  • paint thinner
  • gasoline
  • coatings
  • adhesives
  • cigarette smoke
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Toluene health effects

A
  • CNS
  • fatigue
  • sleepiness
  • headaches
  • nausea
  • developmental effect in children of pregnant women
  • chronic inhalation
    • Irritation of the upper resp. tract and eyes, sore throat, dizziness, and headache
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Xylene

A

Aromatic hydrocarbon aka dimethylbenzene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Xylene health effects

A
  • depression of CNS
  • Headache
  • Dizziness
  • Nausea
  • Vomiting
  • Irritation to the lungs that cause chest pain and SOB
  • liver and kidney damage at high levels
  • HEENT irritation
  • irritation and dermatitis
    • can penetrate most clothing
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Phenol

A

carbolic acid
White volatile crystalline solid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Phenol locations

A
  • petroleum
  • conversion to precursors of plastics
  • Bisphenol-A
  • Phenolic resins
  • Aspirin
  • Herbicides
  • Chloraseptic and Carmex
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Phenol health effects

A
  • Corrosive to eyes, skin, and resp tract
  • dermatitis
  • lung edema
  • seizure
  • coma
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Formaldehyde

A
  • Formalin, Formol, Methyl Aldehyde
  • CH2O
  • Colorless
  • Flammable
  • Pungent, irritating odor
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Formaldehyde location

A
  • Adhesives, glues, dyes
  • biopsy containers
  • Carpet, particle board, plywood
  • Paper products
  • Germicide, Embalming Fluid
  • Fertilizer & food production
  • “Wrinkle-free” clothing, Cosmetics
  • Petroleum exhaust, tobacco smoke
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Formaldehyde health effects

A
  • Bronchitis, pulmonary edema, asthma (only upper respiratory tract)
  • Sinonasal & nasopharyngeal carcinoma
  • Leukemia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Vinyl chloride

A

Chloroethene
Vinyl Chloride Monomer (VCM)
#3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Location of Vinyl chloride

A

new car smell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

PVC

A

multiple VC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the route of administration of VOCs?

A

inhalation, ingestion, transdermal absorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

MCS risk factors

A
  • upper SES
  • Caucasian
  • middle age female
  • males
  • fibromyalgia
  • chronic fatigue syndrome
  • psychiatric/mental health condition
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

MCS diagnosis

A
  • Sx are reproducible with repeated chemical exposures.
  • Condition has persisted for significant period of time.
  • Low levels of exposure result in manifestations of the syndrome (i.e. increased sensitivity).
  • Sx improve when the triggering chemicals are removed.
  • Responses often occur to multiple chemically unrelated substances.
  • Symptoms involve multiple-organ symptoms
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Sick building syndrome sx

A
  • Fatigue, H/a, Nausea
  • EENT irritation
  • Chest tightness, Asthma
  • Concentration, Memory-loss
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Xylene location

A
  • histology labs for tissue processing
  • petroleum, coal, and wood tar
  • solvent
  • Occupational (mechanics)
  • Leaking underground storage tanks
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

PVC use

A
  • Plastic pipes, Insulation,
  • Vinyl siding (Houses)
  • window frames
  • garden hosing
  • medical tubing
  • carpeting
  • vinyl flooring

combined with phthalates
- Shower curtains
- Packaging – Clear plastic casing (hard) & shrink-wrap (soft)
- Toys (Child & Adult)
- Clothing (Pleather)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

PVC health effects

A
  • Demyelinating Neuro-toxin: Dizziness, Fatigue, Neurasthenia, Ataxia
  • Respiratory & Mucous Membrane irritants
  • Highly Hepatotoxic/Carcinogenic
    • Hepatic Angiosarcoma
  • Portal Hypertension & Cirrhosis
    • esophageal variances
  • Purpura & Thrombocytopenia
  • Synergy (30-700%) w/ co-morbid conditions: Alcohol intake, Hep C, Tobacco Smoking
  • Raynaud’s Phenomenon: Vasospasm of distal extremities
  • acroosteolysis: Dissolution of terminal phalanges & SI Joint
  • Scleroderma-like skin changes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (S-VOC) (PAH)

A

Multiple conjoined benzene rings
stay in environment for a while

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What are the two PAHs

A

naphthalene
benzo(a)pyrene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

How are PAHs absorbed?

A
  • skin
  • lungs via respiratory particles
  • GI tract
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

How do you test for PAHs? Dose high levels correlate to harm?

A

urine hydroxypyrene levels
no

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Naphthalene

A

Low Molecular Weight (LMW)
- 2-3 rings (e.g. Naphthalene)
- Aka Tar Camphor
- C10H8
- White solid
- Flammable
- Volatile Aromatic
- Unstable molecule
- Does not linger in the environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

naphthalene found in

A
  • Ingredient of Mothballs
  • Industrially produced as a by-product of coal processing (coal tar)
  • an industrial by-product in manufacturing (e.g. PVC)
  • home-based combustion (Wood, Propane)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Naphthalene health effects

A
  • hemolytic anemia
    • Fatigue, Pallor
    • Decreased Hgb & Hct
    • Heightened concern for people with known anemia conditions (Sickle cell, G6PD)
  • Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, hematuria, jaundice, renal failure
  • Respiratory Irritant
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Benzo(a)pyrene

A

higher molecular weight
- 4-7 rings (e.g. Benzo(a)pyrene)
- C20H12
- 5 rings
- can form Heterocyclic Amines (HCA)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Benzo(a)pyrene found in

A
  • Fossil Fuels
  • Charred/ Grilled Food
  • Tobacco Smoke
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Benzo(a)pyrene health effects

A
  • cancer
    • Lungs
    • Prostate
    • Pancreas
    • Stomach
    • Colon
    • Rectal
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Benzo(a)pyrene MOA of disease

A
  • Flat, planar structure of HMW PAH molecule
  • Slips into Double Helix
  • Interference with normal genetic processes (Transcription, etc…)
  • Inhibits p52 tumor suppressor gene
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Benzo(a)pyrene treatment

A

stop smoking or grilling
brassicas
antioxidants
vit E
marinade foods

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What are the health effects of smoke?

A
  • lung cancer
  • bronchitis
  • asthma
  • SOB
  • CVD
  • otitis media
  • decreased immune function
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What factor affect smoke exposure?

A
  • exposure concentration
  • size of room
  • number of smokers
  • air patterns
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What is continine?

A

tobacco smoke a metabolite of nicotine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

how do you test for continine and the purpose of testing?

A
  • urine test
  • blood, saliva, hair
  • to monitor tobacco cessation
  • tracking exposure
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

what are natural plastics?

A
  • lignin
  • rubber
  • silk
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

what are synthetic plastic/polymers?

A

very large molecules composed of repeating small monomers
- nylon
- latex
- acrylic
- polyester

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

thermoplastics

A
  • the main type of consumer plastics
  • formed by melting the raw material of solid plastic resin and forming it into products
  • can be melted again theoretically
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

thermoset plastics

A
  • liquids that are set by the use of a catalyst
  • in computer casting, synthetic rubber tires, fiberglass boats, surfboards
  • can break into small bits and persist in the environment
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Derivation of platics

A
  • petroleum
  • natural gas feedback
  • coal
  • corn
  • soy
  • sugar cane
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

What is #1 plastic?

A

polyethylene terephthalate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

What is #2 plastic?

A

high density polyethylene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

What is #3 plastic?

A

polyvinyl chloride

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

What is #4 plastic?

A

low density polyethylene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

What is #5 plastic?

A

polypropylene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

What is #6 plastic?

A

polystyrene

56
Q

What is #7 plastic?

A

other polycarbonate, ABS, fiberglass, nylon

57
Q

which plastic numbers are the safest

A

2 and 4

58
Q

which plastics have some leeching but are safe?

A

1 and 5

59
Q

which plastics are unsafe?

A

3, 6, and 7

60
Q

polyethylene terephthalate found in

A

soft drink, water, salad dressing bottles
peanut butter
jam jars

61
Q

high density polyethylene found in

A

water pipes
milk
juice
water bottles
grocery bags
some shampoo and tolitery bottles

62
Q

Polyvinyl chloride found in

A

no food
pipes
cables
furniture
clothes
toys

63
Q

where is low-density polyethylene found in

A

frozen food bags
squeezbale bottles
cling films
felxiable container lids

64
Q

polypropylene found in

A
  • reusable microwabale container
  • kitchenware
  • yogurt containers
  • disposable cups and plates
  • thermal clothing
  • Rubbermaid
  • heat-resistance and durable
  • can leach into food
65
Q

polystyrene found in

A
  • egg cartons
  • packing peanuts
  • disposable cups, plates, trays, cutlery, and takeaway containers
  • CD cases
  • plastic jewelry
  • Petri dishes
  • plastic models
  • razors
  • Styrofoam
  • burnt plastic smell
  • Avoid food storage
66
Q

other (often polycarbonate or ABS) found in

A

beverage bottles
baby milk bottles
compact discs
unbreakable glazing
lenses
automotive headlamps
riot shields
instrument panels

67
Q

polyethylene health effects

A
  • carcinogen
  • relatively safe
68
Q

Phthalates

A
  • a group of chemicals esterified bilaterally around a benzene ring
  • plasticizers
  • can leech very easily
  • dose not bioaccumulate
  • ban on these
69
Q

Phthalates health effects

A
  • endocrine disruptors- xenoestrogens
  • breast cancer
  • endometriosis
  • adenomyosis
  • leiomyomas
  • thyroid disruption
  • fetal & infant
    • reproductive system development
    • undescended testes, shortened anogenital distance, decreased genital size, lower testosterone
70
Q

Polystyrene health effects

A
  • weak toxin
  • oral exposure can affect iron absorption
  • acute: mucous membranes and respiratory irritation
  • chronic
    • dizziness
    • fatigue
    • N/V
    • cognitive and perceptual loss
    • neural toxicity
    • renal/hepatic toxicity
    • carcinogen
71
Q

Bisphenol A (BPA)

A
  • Structural components in some polycarbonate beverage bottles
  • Also found in metal can coatings
  • Been used in food packaging since the 1960s
  • FDA did ban BPA use in: baby bottles, sippy cups, and infant formula packaging
72
Q

Bisphenol A (BPA) health effects

A

xenoestrogen

73
Q

The EPA sets limits for how much pesticide can remain on food. These limits are known as:

A

MRLs = Maximum Residue Limits

74
Q

The EPA sets limits for how much pesticide can remain on food. These limits are known as:

A

MRLs = Maximum Residue Limits

75
Q

Fabric softeners are a health concern because they contain:

A

Quaternary Ammonium Compounds which are a known asthmagen

76
Q

You accidentally break a compact fluorescent light bulb. What are you concerned about being exposed to?

A

Mercury

77
Q

This group of educators have increased risk of cleft palate in their offspring based on maternal occupation:

A

Preschool teachers

78
Q

You have some bleach, peroxide, Caviwipes and some other chemicals in your office. You need to know how to properly handle them, dispose of them and what to do should anyone have accidental exposure to them. You have been told to access the MSDS. What does this stand for?

A

Material Safety Data Sheet

79
Q

VOC stands for

A

Volatile Organic Compound

80
Q

The water-solubility of this toxic substance prevents its access to the lower respiratory tract:

A

Formaldehyde

81
Q

The most common VOC that is a potential occupational hazard for persons working in a histology lab and performing tissue processing is:

A

Xylene

82
Q

One of the most serious health consequences of exposure to this VOC is leukemia as it basically causes cells to not work effectively, especially those of the bone marrow.

A

benzene and formaldehyde

83
Q

This VOC is a precursor to many medications and is also found as an oral anesthetic ingredient in Chloraseptic and Carmex:

A

Phenol

84
Q

Those who huff glue are after mostly after this specific VOC that is 25x more reactive than benzene:

A

Toluene

85
Q

The main systems that are affected by VOCs are:

A

Hematologic, Nervous and Immune

86
Q

Dry Cleaned clothes that are brought into the home contain elevated levels of this VOC:

A

Tetrachloroethylene (aka perchloroethylene or PERC)

87
Q

This is the component of non-stick or Teflon cookware that we are concerned about:

A

Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)

88
Q

Which of the following was the first carcinogen discovered?

A

Benzo(a)pyrene

89
Q

The main ingredient in mothballs is:

A

Napthalene

90
Q

This is a major component of tar from charred/grilled foods and tobacco smoke

A

Benzo(a)pyrene

91
Q

This condition is pathognomonic for asbestos exposure:

A

Mesothelioma

92
Q

These are used as plasticizers and are of particular concern because they leech very easily

A

Phthalates

93
Q

This species is considered “black mold”:

A

Stachybotrys chartarum

94
Q

Vinyl Chloride Disease can be quite serious with this potential outcome:

A

Acroosteolysis

95
Q

Transvaginal Mesh and Diapers both have this # plastic in them

A

.#5, polypropylene

96
Q

Vinyl Chloride, in addition to causing vinyl chloride disease, has also been a causative factor in this rare cancer:

A

Hepatic angiosarcoma

97
Q

What is the main chemical of concern for the salon favorite “Brazilian Blowouts”?

A

Formaldehyde

98
Q

Polystyrene to-go containers are of a particular health concern because:

A

Oral exposure to nanoparticles can affect iron absorption

99
Q

IV bags and tubing are often made of this plastic____________ and softened with ___________to make them pliable

A

Polyvinyl Chloride; DEHP

100
Q

Why is aluminum in vaccines?

A

Increase antibody response to vaccine

101
Q

What is the Provisional Tolerable Weekly Intake of aluminum for an adult in 2018?

A

1 mg/kg body weight

102
Q

Hill’s criteria is used to establish causation. Which of the following is NOT one of Hill’s criteria?

A
103
Q

Which of the following conditions is associated with aluminum in vaccines?

A

Autoimmune Inflammatory Syndrome Induced by Adjuvants/Gulf War Syndrome

104
Q

Hill’s criteria is used to establish causation. Which of the following is NOT one of Hill’s criteria?
a.Sensitivity
b.Temporality
c.Strength
d.Reproducibility

A

Sensitivity

105
Q

Thermoplastics

A
  • main type of consumer plastics
  • can be recovered and melted again
106
Q

thermoset plastics

A
  • solid forms: computer casings, synthetic rubber tires, fiberglass boats, surfboards (scorch rather than burn)
107
Q

1: PET or PETE

polyethylene terephthalate

A

ex: soda bottles

108
Q

2: HDPE

high density polyethylene

A

ex: detergent bottles, playground equipment

109
Q

3: PVC

polyvinyl chloride

A

ex: pipe, siding

110
Q

4: LDPE

low density polyethylene

A

ex: plastic bags, trash bags

111
Q

5: PP

polypropylene

A

ex: clothing, tupperware

112
Q

6: PS

polystyrene

A

ex: styrofoam, utensils

113
Q

7: O

other

A

ex: polycarbonate, fiberglass, nylon

BPA!

114
Q

safest plastics

A

2, 4 (no leeching, no detection in humans)

115
Q

safer plastics

A

1, 5 (some leeching, no detected health effects)

116
Q

unsafe plastics

A

3, 6, some 7 (known leeching + health effects)

117
Q

What is asbestos?

A
  • naturally-occurring (6 different fibrous minerals)
  • uses: insulation, friction products, tile
118
Q

What does asbestos cause?

A
  • asbestosis
  • mesothelioma
  • lung cancer
119
Q

What areas/products is asbestos found in?

A

Home:
- exterior surfaces
- automobiles
- insulation
- flooring
- boilers, heaters, piping
- interior surfaces
- electrical equipment
- built-in equipment
- appliances

120
Q

mold treatment

A
  • AVOIDANCE
  • mold inspector, remediator
  • air filters
  • mobilize + remove mycotoxins
  • antifungals: oral and nasal
  • mind/body: limbic system retraining
  • support bile production (taurine, glycine, phosphatidylcholine, cholagogues, lipase)
  • support emunctories (BMs, enemas, sweat, castor oil pack)
  • binders
  • natural: activated charcoal, bentonite clay, chlorella, glutathione, NAC, pre/probiotics
  • food: insoluble fiber (okra, beets, asparagus, eggplant, turnips, green beans, carrots, cauliflower, kale, cabbage, etc.)
  • prescription: cholestyramine, welchol
  • supportive therapies: fish oil, curcumin, ALA, CoQ10, quercitin, melatonin, milk thistle, LDN, vit. D3, etc.
121
Q

mold testing

A
  • hx: Crista mold questionnaire
  • environmental inspection
  • mycotoxin testing
  • urine LC/MS, ELISA
  • blood: serum ELISA (for mycotoxin IgG & IgE)
  • other tests: stool, OAT
122
Q

some examples of mold signs & sxs

A

fatigue
neurocognitive sxs
H/A
myalgia
insomnia
GI issues
skin issues
palpitations
anxiety/depression/irritability, mood swings
rhinitis, sinusitis

Basically…ANYTHING :D

123
Q

mold antifungals

A

Rx: azoles, amphotericin b

Herbal: olive leaf, Pau D’arco, oil of oregano, holy basil, thyme, garlic, neem

124
Q

mold spores

A
  • allergy, inflammation, irritation
  • stimulate mucociliary clearance
  • 1-5 microns
  • colonization/biofilm of sinus, resp & GI
125
Q

mycotoxins

A
  • very small (0.1 microns)
  • lipophilic + hydrophilic
  • avoid mucociliary clearance
  • enterohepatic recirculation, some cross BBB
  • not destroyed by burning or freezing
126
Q

Which foods is mold found in?

A
  • fermented, processed, contaminated foods
  • fruit juices, soft drinks
  • baked goods
  • nuts
  • vitamins/supplements
127
Q

Black mold

A
  • species: Stachybotrys chartarum
  • grows on cellulose (particle board, dry wall, lumber)
  • common in damp living areas
128
Q

What is aluminum found in:

A

cans
cookware
foil
window frames
airplanes/spacecraft
electronics
vehicles
vaccine adjuvants
fireworks
consumer products (antacids, deodorants, aspirin, cosmetics)

129
Q

foods high in aluminum

A

processed cheeses
baking powder
food additives
soy
non-dairy creamer
pickles

130
Q

populations with high aluminum exposures

A
  • occupational
  • living near industrial emissions
  • chronic kidney failure
  • infants fed on formula
  • consuming large amounts of: antacids, antiulcerative meds, analgesics, antidiarrheal meds
  • elderly
131
Q

examples of some vaccines that contain aluminum

A

Anthrax
DTaP
Hep A
Hep B
HPV
HIB
Tdap

132
Q

pros and cons of injecting aluminum

A
  • risk of disease vs. risk of adjuvant
  • increased # of childhood vaccines = increased level of injected aluminum
133
Q

What happens to aluminum in the bloodstream?

A

Bound:
- ~90% bound to transferrin
- ~10% bound to citrate

Once bound:
- majority excreted thru kidneys
- small amount thru bile
- small amount retained in tissues

134
Q

health effects of aluminum

A

osteomalacia
encephalopathy
dementia
Alzheimer’s association
ASIA syndrome (Shoenfeld’s syndrome)

135
Q

Paper:
“Cumulative and episodic vaccine aluminum exposure in a population-based cohort of young children”

A

This study examined the extent to which
the Vaccine Safety Datalink (VSD) could be used to study vaccine ingredient safety in children.

Methods: 2 groups - children who were up-to-date and undervaccinated before age 2.
Analyses compared vaccine aluminum exposure across cohorts and determined the
statistical power for studying associations between aluminum exposure and hypothetical vaccine adverse
events.

Results: Up-to-date children were exposed to 11–26% more aluminum from
vaccines than undervaccinated children.

Conclusions: The safety of vaccine aluminum exposure can be feasibly studied in the VSD.

136
Q

Paper:
“Reconsideration of the immunotherapeutic pediatric safe dose levels of
aluminum”

A
  • Estimates a
    Pediatric Dose Limit that considers body weight
  • When aluminum doses are estimated from Federal
    Regulatory Code given body weight, exposure from the current vaccine schedule are found to exceed estimate of a weight-corrected Pediatric Dose Limit
  • Levels of aluminum suggested by currently used limits place infants at risk of acute, repeated, and possibly chronic exposures of toxic levels of
    aluminum
137
Q

Paper:
“Do aluminum vaccine adjuvants contribute to the rising prevalence of autism?”

A
  • Applied Hill’s criteria
    for establishing causality between exposure and outcome to find whether exposure to Al from vaccines
    could be contributing to the rise in ASD prevalence in the West
  • Results:
    (i) children from
    countries with the highest ASD prevalence appear to have the highest exposure to Al from vaccines
    (ii) the increase in exposure to Al adjuvants significantly correlates with the increase in ASD prevalence in the United
    States
    (iii) a significant correlation exists between the amounts of Al administered to preschool children and the current prevalence of ASD in seven Western countries
  • The application of
    the Hill’s criteria to these data indicates that the correlation between Al in vaccines and ASD may be causal

Environmental Medicine (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions