Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Hughes Test 2 > Test 2 > Flashcards

Test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the rational choice theory?

A

Offenders seek to benefit themselves by criminal behavior involving decisions and choices.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is limited rationality?

A

Decision making process limited by; time, relevant information, offender’s IQ

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is displacement theory?

A

Police removing the opportunity of crime forces criminals to move around or displace. It doesn’t actually prevent crime.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are factors that affect displacement?

A

Offender motivation, familiarity, opportunity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is diffusion of benefits?

A

The spread of the beneficial influences of an intervention beyond the places which are directly targeted

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the general outcome of Telep et al? (Displacement & Diffusion)

A

Large Level of Interventions yielded no D&D

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the general findings of Operation Anchorage?

A

Clear diffusion of benefits

10 offenses a week lower

Smaller significant reduction of crime in surrounding areas

Delayed residual benefits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What does price elasticity of demand measure?

A

The response of quantity demanded due to price change

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are elastic goods?

A

Small changes in price cause large change in quantity demand

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are inelastic goods?

A

Large changes in price cause small changes in demand

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the Routine Activities Theory (RAT)?

A

Crime is the product of the routine activities of everyday life (crime feeds upon crime)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What does RAT focus on?

A

The cause of crime not offender motivation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the minimal elements of RAT?

A

Motivated offender

Suitable Target

Lack of Capable Guardian

Everything comes together in time and space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Who are capable guardians in RAT? (They prevent convergence)

A

Police Officer

Burglar Alarm

Barking Dog

*These are examples, there could be more

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the three elements of Routine Activity Approach?

A

Seek quick pleasure avoid imminent pain

Routine activities set the stage for illegal activities

Altering daily choices (Interventions) force crime to change

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is geographical displacement?

A

Location change

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is temporal displacement?

A

Time change (day to evening)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is target displacement?

A

Offenders switch targets or objects (houses to apartments)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is tactical displacement?

A

Change in offender’s methods of criminal activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is crime type displacement?

A

Offender switching crime types (Burglary to Theft)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is offender displacement?

A

New offenders replace old offenders

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What Malign Displacement?

A

More displacement then intervention effect (made it worse)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is Benign Displacement?

A

Intervention eroded (but not canceled) by displacement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is no displacement called?

A

Diffusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What are two types of diffusion?
Some & Substantial
26
What is the nature of displacement as described by (Pat & Paul Brantingham, 1995)
Crime will displace to the next neighborhood with a similiar setting and opportunities
27
According to the Nature of Displacement by (Pat and Paul Brantingham), where are 2 areas crime will displace to with a different character
Crime Generators and Crime Attractors
28
What are crime generators?
Shopping and Entertainment areas- high level of people and targets
29
What are crime attractors?
Bar districts Prostitution areas Drug markets
30
What were the results of “Police Crackdowns”-Sherman 1990?
Initial crime reduction “Crackdowns” can’t last forever; a residual deterrence occurs but goes away completely
31
What is the recommended length for a police “crackdown”?
60-90 days
32
What did Koper & Mayo (2016) determine about deterrence?
Targeted offender approach worked best
33
What are the traits of police crackdowns?
Short term Expensive May impact community relations Impacts CJ system Displacement/Diffusion of benefits are not guaranteed
34
What does the standard model of policing focus on and is it proactive or reactive?
People and is reactive in nature
35
What does Weisburd find in relation to the placement of crime?
Crime is more strongly tied to a place rather then a person
36
What are the benefits of a place based system?
More efficient Stable targets Stronger evidence based Fewer ethical problems
37
What did Koper (1995) focus on?
The impact of officer presence
38
What did Koper (1995) find?
Drive-by presence does impact crime disorder in hot spots Stops are most effective when they are 13-15 minutes long After 15 minutes the benefit of the stop declines
39
What did Braga (2019) find?
Hot Spots work best on drug offenses, violent crime and disorder
40
What are the three types of spatial hot spots?
Dispersed Clustered Hotpoint
41
What is a dispersed spatial hotspot?
Incidents are spread throughout the hotspot (housing projects)
42
What is a clustered spatial hotspot?
Events tend to cluster throughout the hotspot region
43
What is a hotpoint spatial hotspot?
It has one single criminogenic feature, such as a crime attractor or generator
44
What are three temporal hotspot categories?
Diffused Focused Acute
45
What is a diffused temporal hotspot?
Crime could happen at anytime over 24 hour period, no significant peaks
46
What is a focused temporal hotspot?
Crime happens throughout the day, but there are peaks
47
What is an Acute Temporal Hotspot category?
Crime is confined to a small period of time
48
What is a hotspot matrix?
A combination of spatial and temporal allows for a more focused understanding of hotspots
49
What are harm spots (Weinborn et al., 2017)?
Crime is not random and distributed evenly
50
What does Harm Spots focus on?
Focuses on the severity of crime not the count
51
Harm vs Crime counts
Harm- 3x more condensed Less than 1% of street segments had half the city’s harm Harm-creates public value
52
What does Risk Terrain Modeling examine?
Environmental conditions that lead to crime. Why does crime keep happening?
53
What is the key element of broken windows?
Social control; it’s about citizens engaging and enforcing social control
54
What were the results of the 1981 Newark Foot Patrol experiment?
It had little effect on crime rates The citizens felt safer The officers on foot patrol had higher morale, greater job satisfaction
55
Are crime and disorder linked in BW?
Yes
56
What did Zimbardo’s research find?
An unattended vehicle in the Bronx was stripped immediately An unattended vehicle is Palo Alto was left alone until researchers broke the window
57
What are the two flavors of BW?
Formal- government control Informal- exercised by society through customs and norms
58
What is the police’s role in order maintenance?
Reinforce the informal control mechanisms of the community
59
What are the three target areas to institute BW?
Find areas at a “tipping point” Public order is deteriorating but not unreclaimable Has to be instituted before it’s to late Areas must be identified by measures and data
60
What did Sampson and Rauenbush find in disorder in urban neighborhoods?
Disorder and crime are determined by the same causal structure
61
What are the causal structures described by Sampson and Rauenbush?
Residential stability Inordinate population density Poverty/Absence of social resources
62
T/F: Collective efficacy describes what residents are willing to do to improve their neighborhoods
True
63
What are the traits of collective efficacy?
Willingness to intervene and the capacity for informal social control CE flows from social cohesion
64
Places with high collective efficacy have low forms of what (3 things)?
Amount of crime Fear of Crime Perceived disorder
65
Is there more or less police involvement with Collective Efficacy?
Less; police must stop doing anything that causes harm
66
Evidence Based Policing, Sherman (1998) should be based on what?
Scientific evidence; he took the idea from medicine
67
Regarding Kenneth’s deterrence theory, what must the legal penalties include to deter crime?
Certain Swift Severe
68
What is the core idea of lever pulling policing?
Speak to directly to gang members, set clear standards, “pull levers” when legally appropriate
69
What was the outcome of Boston’s Ceasefire Initiative?
Decreased Youth Homicides and youth gun related calls for service
70
What is the social network analysis do for you?
Allows important individuals to be identified
71
What must happen prior to lever pulling?
Identify groups, members, and best carriers
72
What is a “bridge” person?
A person whose relationships bridge (link) individuals or clusters
73
Pertaining to a Social Network Analysis, what is “Centrality”?
A metric used to quantify the importance of a person (node).
74
What is “betweenness centrality”?
Individuals who hold keys to multiple relationships in networks
75
What were the results of the Braga, Weisburd, Turchan study concerning Focused Deterrence Strategies?
Crime affected most in order; 1. Violence Reduction 2. High Risk Individuals 3. Drug Markets
76
What is the premise of the Cure Violence (Public Health Approach)?
Violence is a disease, police can impact the model, but are not centric
77
What are the two goals of Cure Violence?
Interrupt Harmful Behavior with credible messengers Change Social Norms through partnering with other agencies and groups
78
What is the public’s role in policing?
Mobilization Information Prevention Compliance
79
According to French and Raven (1959), what are the five types of power?
Coercive Reward Expert Referent Legitimate
80
What are the two sources of police legitmacy?
Instrumental-developed and maintained through the effectiveness of controlling crime and disorder Normative- linked to public judgments about the fairness of the processes
81
What is legitimacy not; as a crime prevention tool?
Not about being nice Not about verbal judo
82
What does police legitimacy get you?
Compliance with the law Readiness to comply with instructors Decision acceptance
83
What are the four points of procedural justice according to Meares?
Participation Neutrality Treated with dignity Trust the motives
84
What does LEED stand for?
Listen Explain Equity Dignity
85
What is the “Chicago formula” referencing procedural justice?
Assessment of Interaction=Outcome + Process
86
What are the points Sunshine and Tyler (2003) find pertaining to Police Legitimacy?
Supports the hypothesis of police legitmacy Process matters, not just outcomes Regardless of ethnicity, people cooperate with police when they view the police as legitimate Procedural Justice is the primary driver of legitimacy Legitimacy was the dominant predictor of orientation toward the police
87
Van Craen and Skogan (2017) state in order to achieve external procedural justice…….?
Agencies must have a fair approach to policing from the inside out
88
T/F: Do African American officers perceive less internal procedural justice than White and Latino officers?
Yes
89
Are Offenders generally rational? (Rational Choice Theory)
Yes

Hughes Test 2 (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions