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NURS501 Test 2 Revision > Test 2 > Flashcards

Test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Inhibits Hydrogen potassium ATPase enzyme found in the parietal cells of the stomach lining which are responsible for secreting acid into the stomach, therefore decreasing the amount.

A

Protein Pump Inhibitor - Gastric Acid Suppressant

Omeprazole

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2
Q

Blocks H2 Histamine receptors in the parietal cells in the stomach, therefore preventing the release of stomach acid which Histamine triggers.

A

Antihistamine Gastric Acid Supressent

Famotidine

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3
Q

Blocks the D2 Dopamine receptors in the gut, this increases gut motility which in turn reduces nausea and vomiting

A

Dopamine Antagonist Antiemetic

Metoclopramide

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4
Q

Blocks the 5-HT3 receptor to prevent the cascade of events that can lead to nausea and vomiting.

A

Serotonin Antagonist Antiemetic

Ondansetron

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5
Q

Binds to the Histamine H1 receptor which affects gut motility amongst other things and can also help with sedation and anti cholinergic effects.

A

Antiemetic Antihistamine

Cyclizine

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6
Q

Blocks the binding of muscarinic receptors by acetylcholine which can otherwise lead to nausea, vomiting and smooth muscle contraction.

A

Antimuscarinic Antiemetic

Hyoscine

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7
Q

Draws water in to the colon

A

Laxative

Lactulose

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8
Q

Works by stimulating the nerve endings in the lining of the intestine, which leads to increased movement and contractions of the muscles in the intestinal wall.

A

Stimulant Laxative

Bisacodyl

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9
Q

Contains a stool softener that breaks up the surface tension of the stool to allow water and lipids to Penetrate the stool. Senna is a gut stimulant by increasing the contractions in the intestines

A

Laxative

Docusate + Senna

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10
Q

Inhibits prostaglandin (a neurotransmitter associated with pain) production in the CNS, reducing pain and fever

A

Analgesic

Paracetamol

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11
Q

COX inhibition but with variations of side effects and pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic profiles.

A

NSAIDs

Ibuprofen, Diclofenac, Naproxen

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12
Q

Mu-opioid receptor agonist. Mu opioid receptors inhibit transmission of pain signals. Activation of other opioid receptors leads to additional effects including sedation, mood and respiratory depressant effects.

A

Opioid Analgesics

Morphine, Oxycodone

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13
Q

Agonist for Mu opioid receptors which inhibit transmission of pain signals. Also agonist for delta opioid receptor which is believed to contribute to its effectiveness in treating opiate addiction.

A

Analgesic

Methadone

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14
Q

Same as Morphine but with a very high potency around 50-100 times greater than Morphine

A

Opioid Analgesic

Fentanyl

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15
Q

Same mechanism of action as Morphine, targeting Mu-opioid receptors but also good at suppressing coughing.

A

Opioid Analgesic

Codeine

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16
Q

Mu-opioid antagonist

A

Opioid Antidote

Naloxone

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17
Q

Precursor of the amino acid L-cysteine, which can be converted into glutathione, a powerful antioxidant that helps to protect cells from oxidative stress.

A

Paracetamol Antidote

Acetylcysteine

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18
Q

Enhances inhibitory neurotransmitters in the brain, specifically GABA. Binds on a subunit site or GABA receptors, not the main receptor itself.

A

Anaesthetic

Propofol

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19
Q

N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor, which is a type of glutamate receptor that plays a key role in the regulation of neuronal plasticity and synaptic transmission. Acts as an antagonist at the NMDA receptor and inhibits the transmission of excitatory signals in the brain.

A

Analgesic

Ketamine

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20
Q

Binds to and Inhibits voltage gated sodium channels which prevents the propagation of nerve fibre signals. Also affects Calcium and potassium channels which may explain it’s antiarrhythmic and Analgesic effect.

A

Anesthetic

Lignocaine

21
Q

Benzodiazepine which Enhances the action of GABA by binding to sites on an ancillary section of the receptor.

A

Premedication - Benzodiazepine

Midazolam

22
Q

Blocks Adrenaline and Noradrenaline at Beta-1 adrenergic receptors therefore reducing the sympathetic response. As targets beta-1 receptors more specifically, it has less side effects than Propranolol

A

Beta Blockers

Metoprolol, Atenolol

23
Q

Binds to and blocks both beta-1 and beta-2 adrenergic receptors non selectively, resulting in decreased heart rate, blood pressure, and cardiac output

A

Non Selective Beta Blocker

Propranolol

24
Q

Blocks Beta-1, beta-2 and alpha-1 receptor. The alpha-blocking activity may have beneficial effects on improving blood flow to the heart and reducing peripheral vascular resistance.

A

Beta Blocker

Carvedilol

25
Q

Blocks Calcium channels located in the smooth muscle cells of blood vessels and cardiac myocytes, preventing calcium ions from entering the cells, which results in relaxation of the smooth muscle cells and vasodilation of the blood vessels alongside reduction of available calcium to cardiac myocytes which results in decreased oxygen demand by the heart, good for treatment of angina.

A

Ca Channel Blockers

Amlodipine, Diltiazem, Verapamil

26
Q

Acts on the kidneys by inhibiting the reabsorption of sodium and chloride ions from the tubules, which increases the excretion of these ions in the urine. This results in an increase in urine output and a decrease in blood volume, which lowers blood pressure.

A

Thiazide Diuretic

Bendroflumethiazide

27
Q

Acts on the kidneys by inhibiting the reabsorption of sodium and chloride ions from the loop of Henle, which increases the excretion of these ions in the urine. This results in an increase in urine output and a decrease in blood volume, which lowers blood pressure.

A

Loop Diuretic

Furosemide

28
Q

Aldosterone Antagonist, increases Sodium and water excretion

A

K+ sparing aldosterone antagonist diuretic

Spironolactone

29
Q

Alpha-2 adrenergic agonist, reduces noradrenaline production which reduces sympathetic activity in the body reduces HR, BP and peripheral vascular resistance

A

centrally acting alpha-agonist hypotensive agents

Clonidine, Methyldopa

30
Q

Target is the Sodium-potassium ATPase enzyme located in the cell membranes of cardiac myocytes, binding to the extracellular domain of the enzyme, inhibiting its function.

A

Cardiac Glycoside

Digoxin

31
Q

Receptor targets are thought to be multiple ion channels, including the sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), and calcium (Ca2+) ion channels in cardiac myocytes with complex effects on these ion channels, leading to a decrease in the automaticity of the SA node, a prolongation of the action potential duration and refractory period, and a reduction in the conduction velocity in the atria and ventricles.

A

K+ Channel Blocker

Amiodarone

32
Q

Inhibits ACE located in the lungs and blood vessels. ACE converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II, which is a potent vasoconstrictor that increases blood pressure.

A

ACE Inhibitor

Cilazapril

33
Q

Acts in a similar manner to other ACE Inhibitors but also increases the levels of bradykinin, a vasodilator, which may contribute to its BP lowering effects.

A

ACE Inhibitors

Enalapril, Quinapril

34
Q

Converts to nitric oxide in the body which targets the soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) enzyme located in vascular smooth muscle cells. This starts a multi step process which results in a relaxation of vascular smooth muscle cells, dilation of blood vessels, and a decrease in BP

A

Nitrates

GTN, Isosorbide Mononitrate

35
Q

Inhibits the enzyme CPT-1, which leads to a decrease in fatty acid oxidation and an increase in glucose oxidation in the heart, resulting in a reduction in oxygen demand.

A

Anti-Anginals

Perhexiline

36
Q

Agonist for muscarinic acetylcholine receptors, blocks parasympathetic activity and can raise heart rate in Bradycardia.

A

Muscarinic Receptor Agonist

Atropine

37
Q

Inhibits HMG-CoA reductase, an enzyme that produces Cholesterol

A

Statin

Atorvastatin

38
Q

An agonist of the receptor PPAR-alpha, leading to an increase in the expression of genes that control lipid metabolism

A

Fibrate

Bezafibrate

39
Q

Targets the beta-2 adrenergic receptors in the lungs, this relaxes smooth muscle resulting in bronchodilation. Short Acting.

A

Short Acting Beta 2 agonist

Salbutamol

40
Q

Targets the beta-2 adrenergic receptors in the lungs, this relaxes smooth muscle resulting in bronchodilation. Long Acting.

A

Long Acting Beta 2 agonist

Salmeterol

41
Q

Targets and blocks acetylcholine action at the M3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptors in the smooth muscle of the airways. This causes relaxation of the smooth muscle and improves airflow in the lungs, leading to bronchodilation.

A

Muscarinic Antagonist

Ipratropium

42
Q

Inhibits Adenosine receptors in the lungs, leading to relaxation of smooth muscle and bronchodilation

A

Xanthine

Theophylline

43
Q

Blocks Leukotriene receptors from binding with Leukotriene which is an inflammatory mediator, therefore reducing inflammation and bronchospasm resulting in improved airway function. Useful in the treatment of Asthma, exercise-induced bronchoconstriction, and allergic rhinitis

A

Leukotriene Receptor Antagonist

Montelukast

44
Q

Synthetic version of cortisol, targets intracellular glucocorticoid receptors throughout the body, activating genes that trigger suppression of inflammation and the immune system.

A

Corticosteroids

Fluticasone, Prednisone

45
Q

Synthetic version of aldosterone, the receptor target is the mineralocorticoid receptor, found primarily in the kidneys, increasing the reabsorption of sodium and water, increases BP, good for orthostatic hypotension or adrenal insufficiency.

A

Corticosteroids

Fludrocortisone

46
Q

Activates adrenergic receptors all throughout the body, stimulating the sympathetic nervous system, this increases heart rate, blood pressure and bronchodilation.

A

Sympathomimetic Vasoconstrictor

Adrenaline

47
Q

Acts by modifying the intracellular calcium concentration, which is an essential regulator of cardiac muscle contractility as well as vasodilation.

A

Sympathomimetic Inotropic

Dopamine

48
Q

Inhaled Steroid that suppresses the actions of inflammatory cells, such as mast cells, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, macrophages, and neutrophils.

A

Steroid Inhaler

Beclomethasone

49
Q

Binds to mu-opioid receptors in the CNS, also Kappa & Delta. Much less potent than Morphine. Additional action as an SNRI.

A

Opioid Painkiller

Tramadol

NURS501 Test 2 Revision (1 decks)

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