Test 2

Question 1

Inhibits Hydrogen potassium ATPase enzyme found in the parietal cells of the stomach lining which are responsible for secreting acid into the stomach, therefore decreasing the amount.

Answer 1

Protein Pump Inhibitor - Gastric Acid Suppressant

Omeprazole

Question 2

Blocks H2 Histamine receptors in the parietal cells in the stomach, therefore preventing the release of stomach acid which Histamine triggers.

Answer 2

Antihistamine Gastric Acid Supressent

Famotidine

Question 3

Blocks the D2 Dopamine receptors in the gut, this increases gut motility which in turn reduces nausea and vomiting

Answer 3

Dopamine Antagonist Antiemetic

Metoclopramide

Question 4

Blocks the 5-HT3 receptor to prevent the cascade of events that can lead to nausea and vomiting.

Answer 4

Serotonin Antagonist Antiemetic

Ondansetron

Question 5

Binds to the Histamine H1 receptor which affects gut motility amongst other things and can also help with sedation and anti cholinergic effects.

Answer 5

Antiemetic Antihistamine

Cyclizine

Question 6

Blocks the binding of muscarinic receptors by acetylcholine which can otherwise lead to nausea, vomiting and smooth muscle contraction.

Answer 6

Antimuscarinic Antiemetic

Hyoscine

Question 7

Draws water in to the colon

Answer 7

Laxative

Lactulose

Question 8

Works by stimulating the nerve endings in the lining of the intestine, which leads to increased movement and contractions of the muscles in the intestinal wall.

Answer 8

Stimulant Laxative

Bisacodyl

Question 9

Contains a stool softener that breaks up the surface tension of the stool to allow water and lipids to Penetrate the stool. Senna is a gut stimulant by increasing the contractions in the intestines

Answer 9

Laxative

Docusate + Senna

Question 10

Inhibits prostaglandin (a neurotransmitter associated with pain) production in the CNS, reducing pain and fever

Answer 10

Analgesic

Paracetamol

Question 11

COX inhibition but with variations of side effects and pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic profiles.

Answer 11

NSAIDs

Ibuprofen, Diclofenac, Naproxen

Question 12

Mu-opioid receptor agonist. Mu opioid receptors inhibit transmission of pain signals. Activation of other opioid receptors leads to additional effects including sedation, mood and respiratory depressant effects.

Answer 12

Opioid Analgesics

Morphine, Oxycodone

Question 13

Agonist for Mu opioid receptors which inhibit transmission of pain signals. Also agonist for delta opioid receptor which is believed to contribute to its effectiveness in treating opiate addiction.

Answer 13

Analgesic

Methadone

Question 14

Same as Morphine but with a very high potency around 50-100 times greater than Morphine

Answer 14

Opioid Analgesic

Fentanyl

Question 15

Same mechanism of action as Morphine, targeting Mu-opioid receptors but also good at suppressing coughing.

Answer 15

Opioid Analgesic

Codeine

Question 16

Mu-opioid antagonist

Answer 16

Opioid Antidote

Naloxone

Question 17

Precursor of the amino acid L-cysteine, which can be converted into glutathione, a powerful antioxidant that helps to protect cells from oxidative stress.

Answer 17

Paracetamol Antidote

Acetylcysteine

Question 18

Enhances inhibitory neurotransmitters in the brain, specifically GABA. Binds on a subunit site or GABA receptors, not the main receptor itself.

Answer 18

Anaesthetic

Propofol

Question 19

N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor, which is a type of glutamate receptor that plays a key role in the regulation of neuronal plasticity and synaptic transmission. Acts as an antagonist at the NMDA receptor and inhibits the transmission of excitatory signals in the brain.

Answer 19

Analgesic

Ketamine

Question 20

Binds to and Inhibits voltage gated sodium channels which prevents the propagation of nerve fibre signals. Also affects Calcium and potassium channels which may explain it’s antiarrhythmic and Analgesic effect.

Answer 20

Anesthetic

Lignocaine

Question 21

Benzodiazepine which Enhances the action of GABA by binding to sites on an ancillary section of the receptor.

Answer 21

Premedication - Benzodiazepine

Midazolam

Question 22

Blocks Adrenaline and Noradrenaline at Beta-1 adrenergic receptors therefore reducing the sympathetic response. As targets beta-1 receptors more specifically, it has less side effects than Propranolol

Answer 22

Beta Blockers

Metoprolol, Atenolol

Question 23

Binds to and blocks both beta-1 and beta-2 adrenergic receptors non selectively, resulting in decreased heart rate, blood pressure, and cardiac output

Answer 23

Non Selective Beta Blocker

Propranolol

Question 24

Blocks Beta-1, beta-2 and alpha-1 receptor. The alpha-blocking activity may have beneficial effects on improving blood flow to the heart and reducing peripheral vascular resistance.

Answer 24

Beta Blocker

Carvedilol

Question 25

Blocks Calcium channels located in the smooth muscle cells of blood vessels and cardiac myocytes, preventing calcium ions from entering the cells, which results in relaxation of the smooth muscle cells and vasodilation of the blood vessels alongside reduction of available calcium to cardiac myocytes which results in decreased oxygen demand by the heart, good for treatment of angina.

Answer 25

Ca Channel Blockers Amlodipine, Diltiazem, Verapamil

Question 26

Acts on the kidneys by inhibiting the reabsorption of sodium and chloride ions from the tubules, which increases the excretion of these ions in the urine. This results in an increase in urine output and a decrease in blood volume, which lowers blood pressure.

Answer 26

Thiazide Diuretic Bendroflumethiazide

Question 27

Acts on the kidneys by inhibiting the reabsorption of sodium and chloride ions from the loop of Henle, which increases the excretion of these ions in the urine. This results in an increase in urine output and a decrease in blood volume, which lowers blood pressure.

Answer 27

Loop Diuretic Furosemide

Question 28

Aldosterone Antagonist, increases Sodium and water excretion

Answer 28

K+ sparing aldosterone antagonist diuretic Spironolactone

Question 29

Alpha-2 adrenergic agonist, reduces noradrenaline production which reduces sympathetic activity in the body reduces HR, BP and peripheral vascular resistance

Answer 29

centrally acting alpha-agonist hypotensive agents Clonidine, Methyldopa

Question 30

Target is the Sodium-potassium ATPase enzyme located in the cell membranes of cardiac myocytes, binding to the extracellular domain of the enzyme, inhibiting its function.

Answer 30

Cardiac Glycoside Digoxin

Question 31

Receptor targets are thought to be multiple ion channels, including the sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), and calcium (Ca2+) ion channels in cardiac myocytes with complex effects on these ion channels, leading to a decrease in the automaticity of the SA node, a prolongation of the action potential duration and refractory period, and a reduction in the conduction velocity in the atria and ventricles.

Answer 31

K+ Channel Blocker Amiodarone

Question 32

Inhibits ACE located in the lungs and blood vessels. ACE converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II, which is a potent vasoconstrictor that increases blood pressure.

Answer 32

ACE Inhibitor Cilazapril

Question 33

Acts in a similar manner to other ACE Inhibitors but also increases the levels of bradykinin, a vasodilator, which may contribute to its BP lowering effects.

Answer 33

ACE Inhibitors Enalapril, Quinapril

Question 34

Converts to nitric oxide in the body which targets the soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) enzyme located in vascular smooth muscle cells. This starts a multi step process which results in a relaxation of vascular smooth muscle cells, dilation of blood vessels, and a decrease in BP

Answer 34

Nitrates GTN, Isosorbide Mononitrate

Question 35

Inhibits the enzyme CPT-1, which leads to a decrease in fatty acid oxidation and an increase in glucose oxidation in the heart, resulting in a reduction in oxygen demand.

Answer 35

Anti-Anginals Perhexiline

Question 36

Agonist for muscarinic acetylcholine receptors, blocks parasympathetic activity and can raise heart rate in Bradycardia.

Answer 36

Muscarinic Receptor Agonist Atropine

Question 37

Inhibits HMG-CoA reductase, an enzyme that produces Cholesterol

Answer 37

Statin Atorvastatin

Question 38

An agonist of the receptor PPAR-alpha, leading to an increase in the expression of genes that control lipid metabolism

Answer 38

Fibrate Bezafibrate

Question 39

Targets the beta-2 adrenergic receptors in the lungs, this relaxes smooth muscle resulting in bronchodilation. Short Acting.

Answer 39

Short Acting Beta 2 agonist Salbutamol

Question 40

Targets the beta-2 adrenergic receptors in the lungs, this relaxes smooth muscle resulting in bronchodilation. Long Acting.

Answer 40

Long Acting Beta 2 agonist Salmeterol

Question 41

Targets and blocks acetylcholine action at the M3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptors in the smooth muscle of the airways. This causes relaxation of the smooth muscle and improves airflow in the lungs, leading to bronchodilation.

Answer 41

Muscarinic Antagonist Ipratropium

Question 42

Inhibits Adenosine receptors in the lungs, leading to relaxation of smooth muscle and bronchodilation

Answer 42

Xanthine Theophylline

Question 43

Blocks Leukotriene receptors from binding with Leukotriene which is an inflammatory mediator, therefore reducing inflammation and bronchospasm resulting in improved airway function. Useful in the treatment of Asthma, exercise-induced bronchoconstriction, and allergic rhinitis

Answer 43

Leukotriene Receptor Antagonist Montelukast

Question 44

Synthetic version of cortisol, targets intracellular glucocorticoid receptors throughout the body, activating genes that trigger suppression of inflammation and the immune system.

Answer 44

Corticosteroids Fluticasone, Prednisone

Question 45

Synthetic version of aldosterone, the receptor target is the mineralocorticoid receptor, found primarily in the kidneys, increasing the reabsorption of sodium and water, increases BP, good for orthostatic hypotension or adrenal insufficiency.

Answer 45

Corticosteroids Fludrocortisone

Question 46

Activates adrenergic receptors all throughout the body, stimulating the sympathetic nervous system, this increases heart rate, blood pressure and bronchodilation.

Answer 46

Sympathomimetic Vasoconstrictor Adrenaline

Question 47

Acts by modifying the intracellular calcium concentration, which is an essential regulator of cardiac muscle contractility as well as vasodilation.

Answer 47

Sympathomimetic Inotropic Dopamine

Question 48

Inhaled Steroid that suppresses the actions of inflammatory cells, such as mast cells, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, macrophages, and neutrophils.

Answer 48

Steroid Inhaler Beclomethasone

Question 49

Binds to mu-opioid receptors in the CNS, also Kappa & Delta. Much less potent than Morphine. Additional action as an SNRI.

Answer 49

Opioid Painkiller Tramadol