Test #2 Flashcards
1
Q
Pragmatism
A
- emphasizes the need to test the validity or workability of our ideas by acting on them
- Charles S. Peirce and William James
- to promote experiences for optimum human growth
- emphasizes problem solving over subject-matter
- SCIENTIFIC METHOD
- don’t think about metaphysics, focus on epistemology
- certainty is unattainable
- the schools should not remain traditional but should be experimental places for the changing of how we learn
- logic is inductive, not deductive
2
Q
Pragmatist Teacher Goal
A
-to encourage student experimentation and interdisciplinary problem-solving through collaborative learning
3
Q
Existentialism
A
- deep personal reflection
- more of a process of philosophizing than a systematic philosophy
- universe is indifferent to humans
- a rather bleak outlook on life
- freedom to express themselves through art and read about other people’s decision making process
4
Q
Summerhill School
A
- An existentialist school
- Alexander Sutherland Neill is founder
- students could choose what, when, and how they learned
5
Q
Postmodernism
A
- the modern period of history has ended and we live in a postmodern era
- Friedrich Nietzsche and Martin Heidegger
- phenomenology (Heidegger) is where humans construct their own subjective truths from their intuitions, perceptions, and reflections
- school curriculum is dominated by people trying to rationalize their control
- they deconstruct curriculum
- the scientific method is one of many ways to reach claims to truth
6
Q
Constructivism
A
our knowledge is always tentative, conjectural, and subject to ongoing revision; our knowledge is how we perceive reality rather than what reality might actually be
7
Q
Deconstruction
A
- to show that texts are biased historical and cultural constructions that involve political power relationships
- questions who authors are, why they wrote it, motives, ideologies, etc.
8
Q
Perennialism
A
- rooted in realism
- to transmit universal and enduring truth and values
- fundamental skills, liberal arts and sciences, great books of Western civilization
- transmission, discussion, and reflection on enduring truths and values
- Hutchins, Adler,
9
Q
Essentialism
A
- rooted in idealism and realism
- to develop basic skills of literacy and numeracy and subject-matter knowledge
- basic skills, history, math, language, science, computers
- to prepare competent individuals for global economy
- don’t waste time relearning what we already know; learn from the experts and continue to discover new things for future generations
10
Q
Progessivism
A
- rooted in pragmatism
- to educate according to individual needs
- activities and projects
- problem solving and collaboration
- Dewey, Kilpatrick, Parker, Johnson
11
Q
Critical Theory
A
- rooted in neo-Marxism and postmodernism
- to raise consciousness of marginalization and empowerment
- autobiographies of oppressed people
- focus on social conflicts, social justice
- McLaren and Giroux
12
Q
William C. Bagley
A
- essentialist professor of education
- crafted a program of teacher education
- teachers need a knowledge base in liberal arts and sciences, mastery of their subjects, and a repertoire of professional education experiences
13
Q
Arthur E. Bestor Jr.
A
- essentialist professor of history
- founder of the Council on Basic Education
- schools should provide a sound education in the intellectual disciplines, the fundamental ways of thinking found in history, science, math, literature, language, and art
14
Q
Maritain
A
- French philosopher
- integral humanism
- wanted religion to be an integral part of curriculum
- elementary education should be language usage, logical thinking, history, science; secondary should focus on liberal arts and sciences
15
Q
Johann Pestalozzi
A
- Swiss pedagogue
- learning by head, hand, and heart
- students learn through their own experiences, and they should be taught through individual differences and sense perception
- education must be broken down in order to understand it
