Test 2 Flashcards
what vitamins are fat soluble?
A D E K
what vitamins are water-soluble?
vitamin c and B vitamins
protein structure
amino acid; Backbone, Amino group, Carboxyl group, C group (side chain)
functions of proteins
transport, enzymes, blood pH balance, fluid balance, hormones, immunity, and energy use
Deamination
Remove the amine group (nitrogen), and use the remaining remnant for energy. Also called gluconeogenesis
marasmus
Insufficient protein and energy intake
kwashiorkor
7 protein functions are off; More damaging (the body never adapts)
Catabolic
process of molecule breakdown
Anabolic
processes involved in building molecules
Ghrelin
increases appetite
Leptin
decreases appetite
NPY
Signals in the brain that tells us to eat
GLP-1
Transit of food, insulin response/ sensitivity
Hyperplasia
increased number of cells
Hypertrophy
increase in cell size
vitamin A functions
vision, tissue strength, growth, immune function
vitamin A sources
dark green, leafy vegetables, deep orange vegetables/fruits
vitamin A deficiencies
night blindness, dry cornea (blindness), rough & dry skin, dry mucus membranes, malabsorption, increased risk of infection, contributes to iron deficiency
vitamin D sources
vitamin d fortified milk & dairy products, enriched cereals and grains, liver, egg yolks, fatty fish, cod liver oil (1tsp=100%)
vitamin D functions
absorption of calcium & phosphorus, bone & teeth mineralization, tumor suppressant, blood pressure regulator, reduce risk of auto-immune diseases, may prevent seasonal affective disorder
vitamin D deficiencies
bone pain and loss, rickets (bowing of legs in children), osteomalacia (deficiency in adults)
vitamin E
vegetable oils & nuts
- antioxidant & selenium metabolism
deficiency & toxicity rare
inhibits blood clotting action of vitamin K
vitamin K sources
green leafy vegetables
vitamin K functions
blood clotting, bone development
vitamin K deficiencies
newborns get injection
issues with blood clotting
vitamin C sources
citrus fruits, tomatoes, cabbage, leafy vegetables, berries, melons, broccoli, potatoes
vitamin C functions
Immunity function, tissue building, wound healing, metabolism - absorption of iron, antioxidant
vitamin C deficiencies
scurvy
thiamin (B1) functions
CHO metabolism - GI, nervous, and cardiovascular systems
thiamin (B1) sources
lean pork, whole or enriched grain
thiamin (B1) deficiencies
beri beri, neruopathy, nervous instability, confusion, psychosis, metabolic acidosis
riboflavin (B2) deficiencies
Ariboflavinosis: cracking, crusting, and scaling of the corners of the mouth
riboflavin (B2) functions
assists with the metabolism of energy nutrients, tissue building
riboflavin (B2) sources
milk
niacin (B3) sources
meat, whole grain, enriched cereal, conversion of tryptophan (turkey)
niacin (B3) functions
regulates energy metabolism, partners with riboflavin & thiamin, maintains skin, tongue, and digestive system
niacin (B3) deficiencies
pellagra
B6 sources
Meats, whole grains, potatoes,
fortified breakfast cereals, bananas,
avocados
B6 functions
amino acid metab.
(coenzyme hemoglobin), make
neurotransmitters
B6 deficiencies
Muscle weakness, dermatitis,
mouth sores, fatigue, confusious
B12 functions
make FA & AA, coenzyme
in folate functions
B12 deficiencies
Megaloblastic anemia nerve
damage, anemia, nerve damage
B12 sources
Animal derived foods, some
soy milks, and fortified breakfast
cereals
folate functions
cell division, make RNA
& DNA
folate sources
Green leafy vegetables,
legumes, fortified breakfast cereals,
orange juice, sunflower seeds, liver
folate deficiencies
Megaloblastic anemia
Diarrhea, anemia, neural-tube
defects
Ca functions
blood clotting, muscle contraction & nerve function, building bones, Releases insulin from the pancreas
Ca deficiencies
Osteoporosis
Ca sources
Milk and other dairy products,
greens & broccoli, salmon, sardines, beans,
peas and lentils
PTH:
pulls Ca+ from bone
Calcitonin:
deposits excess calcium
Fe sources
meats, egg yolks, nuts, enriched or whole
grains, beans, peas, and lentils
Fe functions
transports oxygen to all parts of the body, Energy reactions
Fe deficiencies
MICROCYTIC HYPOCHROMIC RBC
Zn functions
wound healing, Supports the immune system, Makes strong bones, Part of sense organ function (smell, taste), cell division & reproduction
Zn sources
Meat, seafood, whole grains
Mg functions
structure for healthy bones, and Produces energy from food, and Functions of muscle & nervous system
Mg sources
Meat, seafood, nuts, beans,
peas, lentils, dairy products, whole grains
Se sources
Grains, meat, poultry, fish, dairy
products
Se functions
Antioxidants- man-made or natural substances that may prevent or delay some types of cell damage
