TEST 2 Flashcards
chemicals used internally to kill or inhibit growth of microorganisms with host tissues
chemotherapy
destruction or removal of all forms of microbial life including endospores but with the possible exception of prions
sterilizarion
sufficient heat treatment to kill endospores of Clostridium botulinum in canned food
commercial sterilization
destruction of vegetative pathogens on inanimate objects
disinfection
destruction of vegetative pathogens on living tissue
antisepsis
removal of microbes from a limited area such as the skin around an injection site
degerming
treatment is intended to lower microbial counts on eating and drinking utensils to safe public health levels
sanitization
inhibits growth and when you remove it the microbes can start growing again
bacteriostatic
kill the microbes so viable cell count decreases but total cell count remains
bactericidal
kill the microbe, decrease in both viable cell count and total cell count
bacteriolytic
amount of time required at given temp to reduce viability
decimal reduction time
time to kill all cells at a given temp affected by population size
thermal death time
stomach
secretion of acid and the digestion of macromolecules
small intestine
continued digestion, absorption of monosaccharides, amino acids, fatty acids, and water
large intestine
absorption of bile, acids, and vitamin b 12
What are the two primary microbes in the gut?
gram neg Bacteroides and gram positive firmicutes
What are ways microbes can affect your gut?
cellular development, immune immobilization, and absorption of nutrients
oral cavity
saliva, high concentration of nutrients, the tooth consist of mineral matrix surrounding living tissue the dentin and the pulp
respiratory tract
microbes thrive in the upper respiratory tract, the lower respiratory tract has no normal microbiota in healthy adults
Obese humans are more likely to harbor species of what rather than lean humans
prevotella and methanogenic archaea
Antibiotic treatment increases the risk of what infection?
Clostridioides difficile
goal is to reintroduce normal microbiota into the gut of someone with an intestinal disease of bacterial origin and have the transplanted microbial community become established and exclude the disease causing organisms
fecal transplant therapy
ability of a drug to kill or inhibit pathogen while damaging host as little as possible
selective toxicity
drug level required for clinical treatment
therapeutic dose
drug level at which drug becomes too toxic for patient (produces side effects)
toxic dose
ratio of toxic dose to therapeutic dose
therapeutic index
What are four causes of antibiotic bacteria
over-prescribing, patients not finishing their treatment, lack of hygiene and poor sanitation, and lack of new antibiotics being developed
What are the mechanisms of drug resistance and transfer?
- altered antibiotic target
- their is an antibiotic degrading enzyme
- antibiotic altering enzyme
- antibiotic is pushed out through the efflux pump
What are the primary effector cells of the innate immune system?
phagocytes
What are the phagocytes in the innate immune system?
dendritic cell, neutrophil, and macrophage
What are the barriers of infection in the human body?
- removal of particles
- skin (physical barriers and produces antimicrobial fatty acids and antibacterial peptides)
- stomach acidity- inhibits microbial growth
- normal microbiota- compete with pathogens in the gut and on the skin
- flushing of urinary tract
- lysozyme- secretion
- mucus and cilia lining tracks
- blood and lymph proteins
- rapid ph change
- epithelial cells
signal transduction in phagocytes, upon encountering a pathogen associated molecular pattern these will send a signal to the nucleus
toll like receptors
How does the innate fight against viruses
the natural killer cell s recognize cells that do not display major histocompatibility complex 1 and if it lacks that and it displays a stress protein a natural killer cell will activate to destroy the target which is likely a virally infected or cancerous host cell
the defense system with which you were born, It protects you against all antigens, involves barriers that keep harmful materials from entering your body, these barriers form the first line of defense in the immune response
innate immune response
dendritic cell
a
macrophage
b
neutrophil
c
eosinophil
d
basophil
e
mast cell
f
natural killer cell
g
t cell
h
plasma cell
i
antigenn presentation
a, b
phagocytosis
a b c d
granlocytes
c d e f
inflammatory response
e f
innate immunity
a b c d e f g
cell mediated immunity
g h
antibody mediated immunity
i
adaptive immunity
h i
What are four antibiotic classes of drugs with there mode of action, specific target, and cellular consequence?
- B lactams (class), inhibit cell wall synthesis (mode of action), translation (target site), cell lysis and death (cellular consequence)
- Tetracyclines (class), inhibit protein synthesis (mode of action), translation (target site), cell can not replicate (cellular consequence)
- Quinolones (class), inhibit nucleic acid synthesis (mode of action), DNA gyrase (target), preventing supercoiling and packaging of DNA (cellular consequence)
- Sulfa drugs (class), inhibit metabolite synthesis (mode of action), DNA gyrase (target site), preventing supercoiling and packaging of DNA (cellular consequence)
