test 2 Flashcards
1
Q
iconic memory
A
memory for visual information
2
Q
echoic memory
A
memory for auditory info
3
Q
span of apprehension
A
number of items that can be attended to at one time with 50% accuracy
4
Q
spellings whole report condition
A
participants report around 4
5
Q
partial report condition
A
identify which row to report, not perception but sensation
6
Q
attention
A
is a limited resource
7
Q
conscious process
A
cannot do two at a time
8
Q
selective attention
A
you decide what to pay attention to (shining a light)
9
Q
filtering
A
ignoring other things actively (turning down volume)
10
Q
short term memory/working memory
A
limited capacity and duration
11
Q
maintenance rehearsal
A
repeating over and over
12
Q
elaborative rehearsal
A
adding meaning to things
13
Q
digit span
A
adults memorize 7/2 digits or chunks
14
Q
forgetting in STM
A
thought simply decays or is interfered
15
Q
how to get something from sensory to STM
A
pay attention
16
Q
how to get something from STM to LTM
A
rehearse it
17
Q
proactive interference
A
first words make last words harder to learn
18
Q
retroactive interference
A
new information interferes with old information
19
Q
amnesia
A
hippocampus is completely destroyed but not all memory is lost
20
Q
retrograde amnesia
A
always observed with ante retrograde and shows strong temporal gradient
21
Q
declarative long term memory
A
can speak/declare it (who the president was)
22
Q
non declarative long term memory
A
you just do it (walk up stairs), does not require hippocampus
23
Q
semantic memory
A
stuff that you know (date)
24
Q
episodic memory
A
mental time travel, feelings and recalling experience
25
procedural memory
nondeclariative, just follow the procedure
26
flashbulb moments
vary salient episodic memory, thought to be remembered better but aren't
27
semantic priming
concepts that are familiar to each other prime others
semantic memory formed by meaning and how things are related
28
free recall
no recall cues (free response)
29
cued recall
cues for recall (fill in blank)
30
recognition
retrial cue could be item (multiple choice)
31
reconstructive memory
every act of encoding is an act of retrieval and every act of retrieval is an act of encoding
32
Loftus and Palmer
different answers to questions based on wording
33
spacing effect
memory is better when repetitions are spaced, not massed
34
encoding retrieval matches
memory is best when conditions at retrieval match conditions present at encoding (scuba divers)
35
attribution
mental process of inferring the causes of or providing explanations for other peoples behavior
36
fundamental attribution error
blame the victim. individualistic. exception is ourselves and our in-group
37
actor observer discrepancy
part of FAE, blame external sources for our problems and internal sources for others
38
self serving bias/beneffectance
successful outcomes due to ourselves, unsuccessful are external
39
egocentricity
self perceived to be more central to events than it actually is (gambling)
40
vicarious beneffectance
self associate with good but not bad outcomes of others
41
cognitive conservation
the self is resistance to change, first impressions very important, scientists associating w own claims
42
Johnstons groups performance
takes good credit for themselves, blames partner
43
Soloman ash
more than 1/3 of time gave wrong answer as group confederates
44
factors that promote conformity
give your response infront of a group, have not already expressed commitment, task is difficult, doubt your knowledge, strongly attracted to in group
45
milligrams obedience
performance of an active response to the direct orders of an authority
46
bystander effect
a bystander who is In the presence of others is less likely to help
47
social loafing
put less effort into group tasks than they do individual tasks
48
social facilitation
put more effort into group tasks if they are simple and well rehearsed
49
deindividualization
diffusion of responsibility and anominimity
50
affiliation
we do things because of the fear of being excluded, not because we want to be included
51
schachters studies of affilitation
external events such as threats to mortality can elicit temporary states reflecting an increase in the need to affiliate
52
criterion for social disorder
abnormality - circumstances considered
maladaptivness - seriously disrupts social life
personal distress - effects feelings
53
sucide
women more likely to attempt, men more likely to die
widowed/divorced more likely to commit
marriage is more protective for men than women
6/7 are men in older ages
54
id
completely unconscious, irrational immediate response
55
ego
partly conscious, regulate thoughts and bring back to realtiy
56
rerpession
forget to do something
57
projection
can't handle feelings - make it other peoples fault
58
reaction formation
act opposite of what I'm feeling (playground romance)
59
regression
deal with problems in age inappropriate way
60
displacement
find someone new to act behaviors on
61
sublimation
deal with emotions in socially acceptable way
62
rationalization
downplay what bothers you
63
denial
not just forgetting but actively denying
64
undoing
karma, fixing problem in incorrect way
65
superego
parly conscious, self evaluative, moral component
66
trait perspective
relatively stable predisposed, stresses individual differences
67
sybil and Hans eysneck
3 dimensions of personality
introversion/extroversion
neurotic/stable
psycoticsim/ tougminded or tender
68
the big five
extroversion
introversion
agreableness
conscioencionoucness
openness
factors have 0 correlation with one another
69
MMPI
hundred of true and false, can't cheat, not up for interpertation
70
internal validity
no confounding validity
71
direct control
control/comparison group
selection of participants
72
indirectly control
random assignment
73
classical conditioning
conditioned responses to conditioned stimulus, unconditioned responses to unconditioned stimulus (response is the same, it is what the dog is responding to)
74
backwards conditioning
reward before stimulus, difficult or impossible
75
overshadowing
more than one conditioned stimulus, only one is needed
76
rescola
two learning outcomes with equal parings do not produce equal learning
rats learn better when shock always comes with tone
77
stimulus gereralization
little Albers fear of white rats -- learned generalized area of stimulus
78
spontaneous recovery
random stimulus will trigger response
79
extinction
response to stimulus will decline over time
80
gracia effect
within a species, certain associations will be easier to form than others
81
operant conditioning
performance of voluntary behavior
82
learned helplessness
do no try -- give up. though they were operant the whole time
83
observational learning
children can learn by observing and doing tasks
84
aquisition
new operant reinforced
85
inhibition
new operant punished
86
disinhibition
operant loses inhibition in absence of punsihment
87
facilitation
reinforced operant gets even stronger
88
Edward chance Tomlin
latent learning expressed in rats
89
encoding
how information is entered into storage
90
strorage
how information is stored for later
91
retrieval
how info is retrieved from storage
