Test 2

Question 1

What are the four types of tissues?

Answer 1

Epithelial
Connective
Muscle
Nerve

Question 2

Describe Epithelial tissue and list some functions and characteristics

Answer 2

Forms sheets that cover the body/cavities.
functions: protection, gas exchange, nutrient & waste movement
characteristics: free surface, thin, lack blood vessels, tightly packed cells

Question 3

What is the difference between Simplified and Stratified Epithelium?

Answer 3

simplified: 1 layer
Stratified: more than 1 layer

Question 4

Give an example of squamous, cuboidal, and columnar simple epithelium.

Answer 4

squamous: lines lungs
cuboidal: lines kidneys
columnar: lines trachea or digestive tract

Question 5

what are tissues?

Answer 5

a group of cells working together for a specific function

Question 6

What are organs?

Answer 6

made of two or more different tissue types

Question 7

what is an example of stratified epithelium?

Answer 7

epidermis

Question 8

What are two types of glands? what are the differences between them?

Answer 8

Exocrine: connected to epithelium through passage ways. Secretes substances which go through ducts.

Endocrine: separated from epithelium. Produces hormones which diffuses into capillaries.

Question 9

What is the purpose of connective tissue?
Describe the three types.

Answer 9

support and strengthen tissues.
Loose: most abundant, supports tissues. eg: Fat
Dense: tightly packed with collagen. eg: tendons
Specialized: cells widely spaced. eg: cartilage

Question 10

Describe muscle tissues and the three types.

Answer 10

long, thin cells.
Skeletal: stimulated by nervous system.
under micro: large cells, many nuclei, stripped/striated

Cardiac: in heart only, spontaneous involuntary control
under micro: striated, dark bands between cells, one nucleus per cell.

Smooth: slow, involuntary contractions
under micro: spindle shaped cells, one nucleus per cell.

Question 11

What is nerve tissue?

Answer 11

makes us the brain, spinal cord and nerves

Question 12

explain what neurons are and the four parts

Answer 12

generates electrical signals
dendrites: receives signals
Cell bodies: maintenance of cell
Axons: conducts electrical signal
Synaptic: transmits signal

*Glial supports neurons

Question 13

describe cellular communication.

Answer 13

signals transmitted from outside of the cell to the interior by receptors

Question 14

what are signaling cells categorized by?

Answer 14

how far they travel

Question 15

What are the three types of signalling molecules?

Answer 15

hormones: released by endocrine glands into circulatory system which are carried through the body.
neurotransmitters: released by nerve cells
local mediators: produced by cells and secreted in fluid which diffuses into nearby cells (paracrine) or itself (autocrine)

Question 16

what is signaling transduction?

Answer 16

binding of signal molecule to receptor

Question 17

what is a ligand?

Answer 17

a molecule that binds to another specific molecule.

Question 18

how do drugs work?

Answer 18

drug interferes with receptor and neurotransmitter.
neuron releases neurotransmitter which blocks the pump and gets pumped back, and stays longer which leads to higher than normal levels. neuron reduces amount of receptors

Question 19

what are the 5 signaling molecule properties?

Answer 19

Specificity: high specific interactions
High Affinity Binding: binds even at low concentrations
Saturation Kinetics: cells have limited receptors so ligand should occupy all receptors
Reversibility: fast binding which is reversible
Pysiological response: binding should trigger respsonse