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Soc Test 2 > Test 2 > Flashcards

Test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Achieved Status

A

A social position that a person attains largely through his or her own efforts

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2
Q

Apartheid

A

A former policy of the South African government, designed to maintain the separation of Blacks and other non-Whites from the dominant Whites

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3
Q

Ascribed Status

A

A social position assigned to a person by society without regard for this the person’s unique talents or characteristics

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4
Q

Assimilation

A

The process through which a person forsakes his or her cultural tradition to become part of a different culture

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5
Q

Bisexuals

A

sexually attracted not exclusively to people of one particular gender; attracted to both men and women

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6
Q

Bourgeoisie

A

Karl Marx’s term for the capitalist class, comprising the owners of the means of production

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7
Q

Castes

A

a hereditary rank, usually religiously dictated, that tends to be fixed and immobile

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8
Q

Colonialism

A

the maintenance of political, social, economic, and cultural domination over a people by a foreign power for an extended period

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9
Q

Conflict perspective

A

A sociological approach that assumes that social behavior is best understood in terms of tension between groups over power or the allocation of resources, including housing, money, access to services, and political representation

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10
Q

Discrimination

A

the denial of opportunities and equal rights to individual and groups because of prejudice or other arbitrary reasons

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11
Q

Ethnic group

A

a group that is set apart from others primarily because of its national origin or distinctive cultural patterns

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12
Q

Ethnocentrism

A

the tendency to assume that one’s own culture and way of life represent the norm or are superior to all others

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13
Q

Feminism

A

An ideology that favors equal rights for women

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14
Q

Feminist perspective

A

A sociological approach that views inequity in gender as central to all behavior and organization

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15
Q

Formal sanction

A

imposed through formal means by an institution (or representative) upon an individual or group. They are normally clearly defined and can include fines for deviation or rewards for compliance. They are often documented in policy, rules or regulations

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16
Q

Formal social control

A

social control that is carried out by authorized agents, such as police officers, judges, school administrators, and employers

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17
Q

Functionalist perspective

A

A sociological approach that emphasizes the way in which the parts of a society are structured to maintain its stability

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18
Q

Gender identity

A

How people see themselves, as male or female, or something else

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19
Q

Gender roles

A

Expectation regarding the proper behavior, attitudes, and activities of males and females

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20
Q

Genocide

A

The deliberate, systematic killing of an entire people or nation

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21
Q

Glass ceiling

A

An invisible barrier that blocks the promotion of a qualified individual in a work environment because of the individual’s gender, race, or ethnicity

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22
Q

Hate crime

A

A criminal offense committed because of the offenders bias against a race, religion, ethnic group, nationality orgin, or sexual orientation. Also referred to as a bias crime

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23
Q

Homophobia

A

Fear of an prejudice against homosexuality

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24
Q

Horizontal mobility

A

The movement of an individual from one social position to another of the same rank

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25
Q

Income

A

Refers to salaries and wages, interest on savings, stock dividends, and rental income

26
Q

Informal sanction

A

actions in response to someone’s behaviour that may serve to discourage nonconformity or encourage conformity to a norm, rule, or law. As such, a sanction can be positive or negative, to encourage or discourage actions in line with standards of what is normal, expected, or appropriate

27
Q

Informal social control

A

social control that is carried out casually by ordinary people through such means as laughter, smiles, and ridicule

28
Q

Institutional discrimination

A

the denial of opputinities and equal rights to individuals and ground that results from the normal operations of a society

29
Q

Interactionist perspective

A

a sociological approach that generalizes about everyday forms of social interaction in order to explain society as a whole

30
Q

Karl Marx used the concept of class consciousness

A

based on his theory of social classes and the distinction he makes between existing social classes and politically active ones. It is not sufficient for a large number of individuals merely to be living under similar social conditions for them to constitute a class

31
Q

Labeling theory

A

an approach to deviance that attempts to explain why certain people are viewed as deviants while others engaged in the same behavior are not

32
Q

Largest minority in the U.S.

A

Latinos

33
Q

Middle class

A

the economic group between the upper and lower classes, including professional and business workers and their families.

34
Q

Minority group

A

A suboarding group whose members have significantly less control or power over their own lives than the members of a dominant or majority group have theirs

35
Q

Modernization

A

The far-reaching process through which periphery nations move from traditional or les developed institutions to those characteristics of more developed societies.

36
Q

Norm

A

An established standard of behavior maintained by a society

37
Q

Organized crime

A

The work of a group that regulates relations between criminal enterprises involved in illegal activities, including prostitution, gambling, and the smuggling and sale of illegal drugs

38
Q

Prestige

A

The respect and admiration that an occupation holds in society

39
Q

Professional crime

A

A person who pursues crime as a day-to-day occupation, developing skilled techniques and enjoying a certain degree of status among other criminals

40
Q

Proletariat

A

Karl Marx’s term for the working class in a capitalist society

41
Q

Racial group

A

A group that is set apart from others because of physical differences that have taken on social significance

42
Q

Racial profiling

A

Any arbitrary action initiated by an authority based on race, ethnicity, or national origin rather than on a person’s behavior

43
Q

Roe v. Wade

A

a landmark decision of the U.S. Supreme Court in which the Court ruled that the Constitution of the United States conferred the right to have an abortion.

44
Q

Sanctions

A

A penalty or reward for the conduct conceding a social norm

45
Q

Segregation

A

The physical separation of two groups of people in terms of residence, workplace, and social events; often imposed on a minority group by a dominant group

46
Q

Sexism

A

The ideology that one sex is superior to the other

47
Q

Sexual identity

A

The self awareness of being romantically or sexually to a defined group of people. Also known as sexual orientation.

48
Q

Social control

A

The techniques and strategies for preventing deviant human behavior in any society

49
Q

Social inequality

A

A condition in which members of society have differing amounts of wealth, prestige, or power

50
Q

Social mobility

A

Movement of individuals or groups from one position in a society’s stratification system to another

51
Q

Stereotype

A

An unreliable generalization about all members of a group that does not recognize individual differences within the group

52
Q

Study by Stanley Milgram

A

The milgram experiment testing people’s obedience to someone in authority telling them to shock someone with voltage.

53
Q

The feminization of poverty

A

relates to this idea of gender-related financial vulnerability for women. Disparities in wage gap regarding earnings between men and women over many generations also has been cited as contributing to aging women’s relative financial insecurity.

54
Q

Transgendered

A

denoting or relating to a person whose sense of personal identity and gender does not correspond with their birth sex.

55
Q

Transsexuals

A

denoting or relating to a transgender person, especially one whose bodily characteristics have been altered through surgery or hormone treatment to bring them into alignment with their gender identity.

56
Q

Upper class

A

those who reside on the highest levels of the social ladder above the middle and working or lower classes. They generally have the highest status in society and hold a great deal of wealth.

57
Q

Vertical mobility

A

The movement of an individual from one social position to another of a different rank

58
Q

Victimless crime

A

A term used by sociologist to describe the willing exchange among adults of why they decide but illegal goods and services

59
Q

Wealth

A

An inclusive term encompassing all a person’s material assets, including land, socks, and other types of property.

60
Q

White-collar crime

A

Illegal acts committed by affluent, “respect for “individuals in the course of business activities

61
Q

Working class

A

persons in a social class marked by jobs that provide low pay, require limited skill, or physical labor. Typically, working-class jobs have reduced education requirements.

Soc Test 2 (1 decks)

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