Test 2

Question 1

Learning

Answer 1

A relatively permanent change in behavior that results from one’s experiences

Question 2

Classical Conditioning

Answer 2

After repeated exposure to two stimuli occurring in a sequence, we associate those stimuli with each other. (Like see lightning, hear thunder)
The result is that our natural response to one stimulus now can be triggered by the new, predictive stimulus.

Question 3

Examples of Classical Conditioning

Answer 3

whenever you come home wearing a baseball cap, you take your child to the park to play. So, whenever your child sees you come home with a baseball cap, he is excited because he has associated your baseball cap with a trip to the park.

Question 4

Pavlov

Answer 4

Studied salivation in dogs, after conditioning dogs to salivate upon hearing a bell. The dog would then salivate upon hearing the tone (neutral stimulus becomes conditioned stimulus)
CLASSICAL CONDITIONING

Question 5

John Watson

Answer 5

The father of American Behaviorism. He said he could take an infant and turn it into whatever you wanted. He experimented on baby Albert. fears can be unlearned and learned

Question 6

Little Albert

Answer 6

The metal bar was hit every time a rat was with Albert. He then became scared of everything furry.

Question 7

Generalization

Answer 7

Albert associating fear with every furry animal or thing that resembled a rat.

Question 8

Counterconditioning

Answer 8

Unlearn fears by pairing previous things with a positive stimulus.

Question 9

Critique of Classical conditioning

Answer 9

It underestimates the importance of cognitive processes and of biological constraints on an organism’s learning capacity. (Like teaching a pig to sing)

Question 10

Operant Conditioning

Answer 10

Skinner said people learn through this. Most learning is operant conditioning. A learner first emits a response/behaves in some way and comes to associate this action with the positive or negative consequences.

Question 11

Positive Reinforcement

Answer 11

adding something desireable to strengthen a behavior

Question 12

Negative Reinforcement

Answer 12

taking something unpleasant away to strengthen a behavior (the cold)

Question 13

Punishment

Answer 13

when you impose a negative consequence to reduce an undesirable behaviour.

Question 14

Example of positive reinforcement

Answer 14

A child receives money for doing chores.

Question 15

Example of negative reinforcement

Answer 15

Getting up from the bed to avoid the noisy alarm.
Taking an antacid before having a spicy meal.
Applying sunscreen before heading to the beach to avoid getting sunburned. Leaving early from the house to avoid traffic jams.

Question 16

Example of Punishment

Answer 16

spanking a child when he throws a tantrum is an example of positive punishment.

Question 17

Punishment

Answer 17

when you impose a negative consequence to reduce an undesirable behavior.

Question 18

Shaping

Answer 18

Breaking down complex behavior into small manageable steps

Question 19

Continuous schedule of reinforcement

Answer 19

reinforcement is provided every single time after the desired behavior

Question 20

Fixed ratio schedule

Answer 20

reinforces behavior after a specified number of correct responses

Question 21

Variable ratio schedule

Answer 21

where a behavior is reinforced after a random number of responses (gambling)

Question 22

Fixed interval schedule

Answer 22

when reinforcement is given to a desired response after specific (predictable) amount of time has passed.

Question 23

Variable interval schedule

Answer 23

when the reinforcement is provided after a random (unpredictable) amount of time has passes and following a specific behavior being performed

Question 24

Example of Continuous

Answer 24

Candy machines are examples of continuous reinforcement because every time we put money in (behavior), we receive candy in return (positive reinforcement).

Question 25

Ex of Fixed Ratio

Answer 25

a dressmaker being paid $500 after every 10 dresses that they make. After sending off a shipment of 10 dresses, they are reinforced with $500. They are likely to take a short break immediately after this reinforcement before they begin producing dresses again.

Question 26

Ex of variable ratio

Answer 26

a child being given a candy for every 3-10 pages of a book they read. For example, they are given a candy after reading 5 pages, then 3 pages, then 7 pages, then 8 pages, etc.

The unpredictable reinforcement motivates them to keep reading, even if they are not immediately reinforced after reading one page.

Question 27

Ex of fixed interval

Answer 27

a teacher giving students a weekly quiz every Monday

Question 28

Ex variable interval

Answer 28

A pigeon in Skinner’s box has to peck a bar in order to receive a food pellet. It is given a food pellet after varying time intervals ranging from 2-5 minutes.
It is given a pellet after 3 minutes, then 5 minutes, then 2 minutes, etc. It will respond steadily since it does not know when its behavior will be reinforced.

Question 29

Bandura

Answer 29

Proposed observational learning, did the BOBO doll experiment. Said we learn through others.

Question 30

Prosocial behavior

Answer 30

refers to actions which benefit others, contribute to value to groups and follow social and moral codes and norms.

Question 31

Self according to Bandura

Answer 31

self-efficacy is part of the self-system comprised of a person’s attitudes, abilities, and cognitive skills. This system plays a major role in how we perceive and respond to different situations. Self-efficacy is an essential part of this self-system.

Question 32

Factors influencing modeling

Answer 32

More likely to follow those who are similar, also more likely to follow if they have low self-esteem, also if they get rewarded

Question 33

Learning through observation

Answer 33

people’s behavior could be determined by their environment. Observational learning occurs through observing negative and positive behaviors. Bandura believes in reciprocal determinism in which the environment can influence people’s behavior and vice versa.

Question 34

Big 5 Personality Traits (OCEAN)

Answer 34

Openness
Conscientiousness
Extraversion
Agreeableness
Neuroticism

Question 35

Openness High

Answer 35

Curious, imaginative, creative, artistic

Question 36

Conscientiousness High

Answer 36

Organized, persistent, thorough, responsible

Question 37

Extraversion High

Answer 37

Talkative, assertive, energetic,social

Question 38

Agreeableness High

Answer 38

Cooperative, forgiving, modest, trustworthy

Question 39

Neuroticism High

Answer 39

Emotional, insecure, moody, anxious, depressed

Question 40

Openness Low

Answer 40

Stubborn, unimaginative, unoriginal, narrow minded

Question 41

Conscientiousness Low

Answer 41

Disorganized, negligent, irresponsible, careless

Question 42

Agreeableness Low

Answer 42

Agressive, argumentative, egotistic

Question 43

Extraversion Low

Answer 43

Introverted, reserved, withdrawn

Question 44

Neuroticism Low

Answer 44

Self-confident, secure, assured, hopeful

Question 45

What research supports the big 5?

Answer 45

Results revealed that five personality traits were significantly related to overall social well-being;

Question 46

What is the 5-factor model

Answer 46

an interpretation of the
Big Five factors. Stable over time, maintained biologically (differences are due to external factors, biological factors, and other things)

Question 47

Applications of the big 5

Answer 47

Job performance
* Job satisfaction
* Personality disorders
* Determine types of therapy
* Cross-cultural research in personality
* Diagnosis and the DSM-5

Question 48

Examples of operant CONDITIONING

Answer 48

offering praise when they do something positive.
giving them a piece of candy when they clean their room.
letting them play video games after they complete their homework.
sending them to their room as a form of punishment.
ending a playdate if they don’t stop misbehaving

Question 49

Examples of classical

Answer 49

pavlovs dogs