Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Pysch Unit > Test 2 > Flashcards

Test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Sensation

A

transmitting sensory data from the environment to the brain; biological process

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Perception

A

interpreting sensory data into usable mental representations of the world; psychological process`

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Smell Stimulus and Receptors

A

molecule dissolved in fluid on the mucous membranes in the nose; sensitive ends of olfactory neurons in the olfactory epitheleum in the nose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Taste Stimulus and Receptors

A

Molecule dissolved in fluid on the tongue; taste cells in taste buds on the tongue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Touch Stimulus and Receptors

A

Pressure on the slain; Sensitive ends of touch neurons in skin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Pain Stimulus and Receptors

A

Wide variety of potentially harmful stimuli; sensitive ends of pain neurons in skin and other tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Hearing Stimulus and Receptors

A

Sound waves; pressure-sensitive hair cells in cochlea of inner ear

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Vision Stimulus and Receptors

A

Light waves; light-sensitive rods and cones in retina of eye

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Transduction

A

receptors’ conversion of incoming sensory information to a neural signal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Quantitative Coding

A

intensity-> frequency of action potential

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Qualitative coding

A

kind of energy (difference receptors respond to different energy)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

sensory adaptation

A

decrease in response of sensory system to continuous stimulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Absolute threshold

A

faintest detectable stimulus of any type; typically defined as minimum amount of stimulation needed to detect stimulus 50% of the time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

cross-adaptation

A

adaptation to one substance can affect the sensory experience of another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

difference threshold/just noticeable difference

A

smallest difference needed in order to differentiate the stimuli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Bottom-up processing

A

building up to perceptual experience from individual pieces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Top-down processing

A

experience influencing the perception of stimuli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

synesthesia

A

cross-activation between different areas of the brain; sensory stimulation in one modality induces a sensation in a different modality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Pathway to the eye

A
  1. Light is gathered and focused through the cornea, a transparent tissue that covers the front of the eyeball
  2. Muscles in the iris give it the ability to increase or decrease the diameter of the pupil, which is what allows more or less light to enter the eye
  3. Light bands (called accommodation) as it passes through the curved interior lens of the eye, located behind the iris. The lens is responsible for fine-tuning the focus started by the cornea
  4. The refracted light hits the back of the eye, where the retina is located. The retina is a network of neurons extending over most of the back of the interior of the eye, and it’s where the receptor cells for vision are
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What do photoreceptor cells permit?

A

Transduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Photopigment in rods

A

Rhodopsin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Photopigment in cones

A

blue, green, red

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

additive color mixing

A

when you mix two or more colored lights, you are adding more wavelengths that are perceived

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Three primaries law

A

3 cones each sense waves from a different part of the color spectrum; trichromatic society

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Law of complementarity
2 neurons associated with each cone are excited or inhibited in response to wavelengths; apparent-process theory
26
Opponent-process theory
physiological units involved in color vision are affected in opposite ways (excited or inhibited) by complementary wavelengths; explain the complementarity of afterimages
27
Transduction in vision
electrical changes in rods and cones->electrical responses in other cells->action potentials in neurons forming optic nerve->runs to thalamus->form synapses with neurons that run to the primary visual area
28
Dorsal stream of processing
"Where and how" pathway
29
Ventral stream of process
"What" pathway
30
Smell
inhale air->molecules dissolve into fluid covering olfactory epithalimus->odor molecules bind to olfactory receptor sites->binding can generate action potentials
31
Smell and Taste connection
Distinguishing flavor actually depends in put on smell
32
Taste
Chemical substance dissolves in saliva->contacts sensitive ends of taste receptor cells->triggers electrical changes->action potential
33
Purpose of taste
motivate us to eat some substances and avoid eating others
34
Touch
Multiple types of specialized receptors in the skin sense and transduces forms of physical energy from the environment into electrical impulses
35
Proprioception
the sensory system responsible for awareness of body positions; sensors throughout the body enable the detection of where body parts are in space and in relation to one another without visualization
36
Physical pain and social pain
similar parts of brain respond to these pairs
37
Hearing stimuli
sound waves
38
frequency
pitch (hertz)
39
amplitude
volume (decibels)
40
Two mechanisms of localization
interaural time differences and interaural intensity differences
41
localization
ability to localize sound stimuli is essential; humans can localize sound stimuli to within a degree or two horizontally, worse vertically
42
Echolocation
occipital lobe active when blind individuals echolocate
43
Sensory store (preattentive store)
processing of physical characteristics of sensory information; large capacity; very brief duration
44
Short-term store (attentive store)
working memory, conscious thought; very small capacity (7 + or - 2); brief duration
45
Long-term store
"true" memory; essentially limitless capacity; lifetime duration
46
Phonological loop
inner thought voice
47
visuospatial sketchpad
imagining a picture
48
Chunking
organizing information into units can increase capacity of short-term memory
49
Encoding
can be deliberate or automatic; the more deeply we think about information we want to remember, the more likely we are to remember it
50
Techniques of encoding
meaning, self-reference, Mnemonic devices
51
Episodic memory (explicit)
high school graduation, orientation
52
Semantic memory (explicit)
water is hydrogen and oxygen, sun rises in east and sets in west
53
retrograde amnesia
difficulty remembering previously learned material
54
Anterograde amnesia
difficulty learning new material, inability to form new memories
55
classical conditioning
type of learning in which an association between 2 stimuli is formed; involves automatic/reflexive responses, not voluntary behavior
56
unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
stimulus that causes automatic response (UCR)
57
unconditioned response (UCR)
automatic response to UCS
58
conditioned stimulus (CS)
initially neutral stimulus, paired with UCS
59
conditioned response
response which, after conditioning, is produced after CS
60
drug reaction direct effect
due to change in NTS, not a reflex
61
drug reaction reflective compensatory response
maintain homeostasis, can be classically conditioned
62
habituation
decrease in reflex due to repeated stimulation
63
extinction
after CS repeatedly fails to predict UCS, CR declines
64
spontaneous recovery
After extinction and delay, CS triggers CR again
65
generalization
other stimuli like the CS may also trigger CS
66
discrimination training
decreases generalization by extinguishing stimuli like CS
67
normative approach
describes how we ought to think/act in a given situation (homo economicus)
68
descriptive approach
describes how we actually think/act
69
choice overload
more likely to make a choice with fewer options
70
System 1
heuristic mode; quick and automatic, intuition
71
System 2
analytic mode; deliberate and conscious, controlled, slow, more demanding
72
heuristics
mental shortcuts
73
bounded rationality
rational decision-making is constrained by limitations in people's recognition
74
framing
our choices will vary based on how information is presented
75
gain frame
emphasize what one currently has or could gain; choices show risk aversion
76
loss frame
emphasize what one has lost or could loss; choices show risk seeking
77
sunk-cost effect
a tendency to continue an endeavor once an investment in money, effort, or time has been made
78
endowment effect
a tendency to overvalue a good that we own, regardless of its objectives market value (WTP
79
anchoring
starting/reference point (the anchor) influences estimates
80
developmental psychology
describes, explains, and predicts, how people change with age (physically, mentally, socially)
81
central issues of developmental psychology
interaction of nature and nurture, stability vs change, continuity (gradual, cumulative growth) vs. discontinuity (development in stages)
82
Schemes
mental representations that organize knowledge (cognitive blueprints)
83
Assimilation
adapt to new information; incorporate new knowledge into old schemes-existing ideas don't change
84
accomadation
adapt to new information; revamp old schemes so they can adapt to new information-change current ways
85
Sensorimotor stage
Birth to 2 years, schemes formed primarily through senses and motor activities
86
Major task of sensorimotor stage
object permanence
87
Object permanence
understanding that objects continue to exist when hidden
88
habituation paradigm
children look at interesting thinks and eventually lose interest
89
Preoperational stage
2 to 7 years; children use symbols to represent objects and events
90
Limits of preoperational stage
thinking
91
Egocentrism
inability to see the world from someone else's point of view
92
Converation
can't imagine logical outcome of certain kinds of operation on objects
93
Overreliance on heursitics
taller/longer=more
94
lack of reversibility
can't mentally reverse an action
95
focus on states, not events
failure to realize connection between two components of the conversation problem
96
Concrete operational
7 to 12 years; able to solve conversation problems; able to think more logically; less egocentric
97
Formal operational
11-12 to adulthood; logical thinking and abstract reasoning (schemes independent of specific experiences; hypothetical(what if) thinking; deductive(if...then) reasoning
98
Theory of mind
understanding that other people have a mind, have their own perspective

Pysch Unit (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions