TEST 2

Question 1

neurons communicate via

Answer 1

Acetylcholine

Question 2

__________ uses energy to transport substances via vesicles

Answer 2

endocytosis

Question 3

____ enters neurons by receptor mediated endocytosis

Answer 3

botox

Question 4

The four steps of cell signaling are ______, ________, _________, and __________

Answer 4

signal, reception, response, deactivation

Question 5

______ occurs when a ligand gated channel opens when bound to a signal (ligand)

Answer 5

reception

Question 6

a ______ is a kinase enzyme activated by the signal ligand

Answer 6

receptor

Question 7

_______ remove phosphates from ATP and place them on another enzyme

Answer 7

kinases

Question 8

______ ____________ are located inside a cell, respond to signals like light or lipid soluble signals that can pass through the membrane

Answer 8

intracellular receptors

Question 9

________ occurs when enzymes deactivate or degrade messengers

Answer 9

deactivation

Question 10

____ ____________ is cytoplasmic connections allowing direct transfer of primary and secondary signals

Answer 10

direct communication

Question 11

________ supports multicellularity and organismal development

Answer 11

communication

Question 12

________________ signals released into environment -> allows multiple individuals to coordinate activity

Answer 12

Quorum Sensing

Question 13

__________ change shape and their shape changes function

Answer 13

proteins

Question 14

______ is an energy change

Answer 14

thermodynamics

Question 15

the first law of thermodynamics is that energy is neither ________ or _________

Answer 15

created, destroyed

Question 16

__ ____________ is the synthesis of complex products from less complex reactants. It requires the intake of energy

Answer 16

anabolic reaction

Question 17

_________ _______________ is the break down of complex reactants into less complex products. It releases energy. ATP

Answer 17

catabolic reactions

Question 18

________ increase the reaction rate by reducing the activation energy required to proceed in a reaction

Answer 18

catalysts

Question 19

__________ are biological catalysts usually proteins but include ribozymes from RNA

Answer 19

enzymes

Question 20

______ _________ are the locations of reactions occurring specific to reactions

Answer 20

active sites

Question 21

shape determines ________

Answer 21

function

Question 22

________ _________ occurs when the inhibitor covalently (permanently) binds to the enzyme

Answer 22

irreversible inhibition

Question 23

________ ___________ similar in shape and size to substrate, but unable to participate in a reaction

Answer 23

competitive inhibitor

Question 24

_____ ____________ is an inhibitor changing the enzymes shape, blocking entry of substrate or release of product

Answer 24

reversible inhibition

Question 25

__________ ___________ is feedback inhibition occurring when the end product inhibits an upstream enzyme

Answer 25

pathway regulation

Question 26

__________ occurs in the presence of O2 (aerobic) which oxidies NADH and FAOH2 and reduce O2 in small steps. This trasnports the protons of ATP synthesis

Answer 26

Oxidative Phosphorylation

Question 27

_________ occurs when protons move down the electrochemical gradient through ATP Synthase

Answer 27

chemiosmosis

Question 28

_________ is energy from complete combustion of glucose

Answer 28

Respiration

Question 29

___________ occurs when protons moved down the electrochemical gradient through ATP synthas

Answer 29

chemiosmosis

Question 30

________ reactions occur in the absence of O2 in which case the electron transport chain backs up and NADH/FADH2 cannot be recycled

Answer 30

anaerobic

Question 31

___________ recycles NAD+ allowing a large amount of energy to still be stored in ethanol

Answer 31

fermentation

Question 32

In cell division there are four steps: 1. 2. 3. 4.

Answer 32

Signal, DNA replication, DNA segregation, cytokinesis

Question 33

_________ divide by binary fission and produce identical cells

Answer 33

prokaryotes

Question 34

___________ are organisms in which all cycles are regulated by check points.

Answer 34

eukaryotes

Question 35

_____ ________ are external signals for cell division

Answer 35

growth factors

Question 36

In _________ ______________, a cell only divides when its good for the whole organism

Answer 36

social control

Question 37

there are two types of nuclear segregation, they are ___________ and __________

Answer 37

mitosis, meiosis

Question 38

the stages of mitosis include:

Answer 38

prophase, metaphase, telophase, cytokinesis

Question 39

during ______ DNA gets super condense. As it condenses, it forms chromatids which are identical strands of DNA

Answer 39

prophase

Question 40

__________________ is the middle phase in which all these conditions are met, we imitate the A phase

Answer 40

metaphase

Question 41

____________ is that in which prophase in reverse occurs (bringing the nuclear envelope back)

Answer 41

telophase

Question 42

cell division or ________ frequently but not always follows mitosis

Answer 42

cytokinesis

Question 43

____________ is the constant, random, production @ low frequencies of modified genes by changing DNA sequences

Answer 43

mutation

Question 44

___________ offspring receive half of their genes from each parent

Answer 44

bi-parental inheritance

Question 45

______ ________ have 2 sets of every chromosomes

Answer 45

diploid organisms

Question 46

_____________ contain the same genes as each other, but may have different versions (alleles)

Answer 46

homologs

Question 47

_________ ensures sexually reproducing offspring that are BOTH SIMILAR and DISTINCT from each other

Answer 47

meiosis

Question 48

failure of homologs to separate is called ___________

Answer 48

nondisjunction