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AP 1 > Test 2 > Flashcards

Test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Integumentary System

A

Consists of Skin, Har, nails and associated glands. Body’s largest and heaviest organ (8%). Consists of 2 layers. Stratified squamous epithelium called epidermis and a deeper connective tissue called dermis.

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2
Q

6 Functions Of Skin

A

1) Resistance to trauma and infection
2) Barrier to water and UV rays
3) Vitamin D Synthesis
4)Sensation
5) Thermoregulation
6) Non Verbal Communication

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3
Q

Epidermis

A

Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium. Surface consists of dead cells packed with tough protein keratin. Lacks blood vessels and depends on diffusion of nutrients from underlying connective tissue. Five types of Cells.

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4
Q

Keratinocytes

A

Great majority of epidermal cells. Synthesize keratin.

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5
Q

Stem Cells

A

Undifferentiated cells that divide and give rise to the keratinocytes. Found in Stratum Basale.

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6
Q

Melanocytes

A

Synthesize brown to black pigment melanin. Found in stratum Basale.

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7
Q

Tactile Cells

A

Receptors for touch. Found in stratum Basale.

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8
Q

Dendritic Cells

A

Immune cells that originate in bone marrow but migrate to epidermis. Stand guard against toxins to alert immune system. Found in Spinosum and Granulosum.

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9
Q

Stratum Basale

A

Deepest layer of epidermis. Consists of single layer of cuboidal to low columnar stem cells and keratinocytes resting on the basement membrane. As stem cells divide, give rise to keratinocytes that migrate up.

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10
Q

Stratum Spinosum

A

Consists of several layers of keratinocytes. In most places, thickest stratum except palms and soles. Deeper cells continue dividing but as pushed up they cease. Instead, produce more keratin filaments which causes cells to flatten.

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11
Q

Stratum Granulosum

A

Consists of 3-5 layers of flat keratinocytes. More in thick skin than thin.

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12
Q

Stratum Lucidum

A

Thin zone superficial to granulosum, only in thin skin. Keratinocytes densely packed with clear protein eleidin. Cells have no nuclei or organelles.

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13
Q

Stratum Corneum

A

Consists up to 30 layers dead skin

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14
Q

Stratum Corneum

A

Consists of up to 30 layers dead skin. Resistant to abrasion, penetration and water loss.

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15
Q

Dermis

A

Composed mainly of collagen but also contains elastic and reticular fibers, fibroblasts. Supplied with blood vessels, glands and nerve endings. Hair and nails embedded in dermis. Face skeletal muscles attach for expressions. 2 zones.

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16
Q

Papillary Layer 1

A

Thin zone of areolar tissue. Loosely organized tissue allows for mobility of leukocytes. Packed with small blood vessels.

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17
Q

Reticular Layer 2

A

Deeper and much thicker. Dense irregular conncective tissue. Striae is formed.

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18
Q

Hypodermis

A

Packed with more areolar and adipose tissue. Subcutaneous fat.

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19
Q

Melanocytes

A

produce melanin that accumulates in keratinocytes. Eumelanin is brownish black. Pheomelanin is reddish yellow. Same amount of melanin in most people.

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20
Q

Friction Ridges

A

markings on the fingertips. Form during fetal development.

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21
Q

Mole

A

Nevus

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22
Q

Hemangioma

A

Birthmark

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23
Q

Osteology

A

Study of bone.

24
Q

Skeletal System

A

Composed of bones, cartilages and ligaments.

25
Q

Functions of the Skeleton

A

1) Support
2) protection (Brain, heart)
3) Movement
4) Electrolyte balance
5) Acid Base Balance (buffers blood against pH changes by absorbing or releasing alkaline phosphate and carbonate)
6) Blood formation

26
Q

Bone

A

Osseous Tissue. connective tissue with matrix hardened by calcium phosphate and other minerals.

27
Q

Mineralization

A

Hardening process, also called calcification.

28
Q

Flat Bones

A

Thin curved plated bones (cranial bones, sternum, scapula, ribs, hip bones). Has an inner and outer table that encloses spongy bone.

29
Q

Long Bones

A

Most important to movement. (Humerus, radius, ulna, femur, tibia, fibula, metacarpals, metatarsals, phalanges)

30
Q

Short Bones

A

Wrists, ankles

31
Q

Irregular Bones

A

Vertebrae / some skull bones

32
Q

Compact Bone

A

Outer shell of dense white osseous tissue (Cortical bone)

33
Q

Marrow Cavity

A

Medullary cavity, enclosed by compact bone.

34
Q

Spongy Bone

A

At the ends of bone. more loosely organized form of osseous tissue. Always enclosed by compact bone.

35
Q

Diaphysis

A

Shaft of long bone

36
Q

Epiphysis

A

expanded head at end of diaphysis.

37
Q

Articular Cartilage

A

Joint surface where one bone meets another is covered with this layer of hyaline cartilage

38
Q

Nutrient Foramina

A

minute holes that blood vessels penetrate

39
Q

Periosteum

A

External sheath of the bone that has layer of tough, fibrous collagen and an inner osteogenic layer of bone forming cells.

40
Q

Perforating fibers

A

When collagen fibers penetrate into the bone marrow to bind muscle to bone.

41
Q

Endosteum

A

Thin layer of reticular connective tissue that lines internal marrow cavity, covers all honeycombed surfaces of spongy bone.

42
Q

Diploe

A

spongy layer in the cranium.

43
Q

Osteogenic Cell

A

Stem cells that develop from embryonic mesenchyme and give rise to most bone cell types. Occur in endosteum and inner layer of periosteum. Some become osteoblasts.

44
Q

Osteoblasts

A

Bone forming cells that synthesize the organic matter of bone then promote mineralization. Called osteogenesis. Form rows in endosteum and inner periosteum. Nonmitotic. Only come from osteogenic cells. Secrete hormone osteocalcin, which stimulates insulin secretion by pancreas.

45
Q

Osteocytes

A

Former osteoblasts trapped in matrix they deposited. Reside in tiny cavities called lacunae, which are interconnected by slender channels called canaliculi. Connected by gap junctions to pass nutrients and signals. Some resorb bone matrix, others deposit it.

46
Q

Osteoclasts

A

bone dissolving cells on bone surfaces. Their action is called osteolysis, opposite of osteogenesis. Develop from bone marrow. Made up of several stem cells. Have 3-4 nuclei.

47
Q

concentric lamellae

A

layers of matrix concentrically aranged around central haversian canal

48
Q

Osteon (Haversian System)

A

Central canal and its lamellae, basic structural unit of compact bone. Cylinder of tissue surrounding a central canal. Joined by transverse or diagonal passages called perforating canals.

49
Q

Interstitial Lamellae

A

remains of old osteons that broke down and bone grew and remodeled itself.

50
Q

Circumferential Lamellae

A

Inner and outer bondaries of dense bone are arranged in circumferential lamellae that run parallel to bone surface.

51
Q

Spongy Bone

A

Consists of a lattice of delicate slivers called spicules (rods or spines). and trabeculae (Thin plates or beams).

52
Q

Bone Marrow

A

General term for soft tissue in marrow cavity of long bone. Red and Yellow

53
Q

Red Bone Marrow (Myeloid tissue)

A

Nearly all bones in children. Also called hematopoietic tissue, produces rbc.

54
Q

Yellow bone marrow

A

Nearly all bones in adults. Can transform back into red morrow in chronic anemia.

55
Q

Adult Red Marrow

A

Found in skull, vertebrae, ribs, sternum, pelvis, heads of long bones.

AP 1 (1 decks)

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