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RAD 370 - Anatomy > test 2 > Flashcards

test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Why is it better to do PA chest in erect position

A

Detect air/fluid level
Diaphragm is lowered
Full lungs are shown

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2
Q

Why is it better to do PA over AP for chest

A

Lower OID for lungs & heart

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3
Q

What is Lithotomy position?

A

Legs are higher than head

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4
Q

Recumbent?

A

lying down in any position

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5
Q

Trendelenburg?

A

Head is lower than feet

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6
Q

Fowler

A

Head is higher than feet

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7
Q

Sim

A

recumbent oblique position

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8
Q

Why chest x-ray is taken in erect position rather than supine/recumbent ?

A

Allow lungs to fully expand.
for supine/recumbent, air will spread anteriorly–> haziness on images

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9
Q

Why 72” SID for chest x-ray

A

-Increased SID
-avoid magnification of heart
-capture bilateral lungs
-less divergence of x-ray beam = less distortion

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10
Q

[PA chest] Why do shoulders need to be rolled forward?

A

prevent the scapula from superimposed the lungs

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11
Q

[PA chest] Why does chin need to be up?

A

Prevent superimposition of the apices of the lungs

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12
Q

3 body landmarks

A
  1. vertebral prominen
  2. jugular notch
  3. xiphoid tip
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13
Q

Vertebral prominen is at

A

C7

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14
Q

Jugular notch is at

A

T2

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15
Q

Xiphoid tip is at

A

T9/10

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16
Q

[PA chest] If there are no rotation, how can it be seen on the radiograph

A

Sternal ends of clavicles are equal distance to the sternum

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17
Q

[PA chest] why is it important that there should be no rotation?

A

prevent distortion of size/shape of heart shadows

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18
Q

[PA chest] what is the kVp range ? why?

A

110-125
low contrast

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19
Q

[Left lateral] How to determine if the patient is in true lateral

A

posterior surfaces of shoulders and pelvis are superimposed & perpendicular to IR

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20
Q

___ pressure = ___ volume

A

increase / decrease

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21
Q

[Left lateral] How do you know if the patient is not in true lateral position?

A

separation of posterior ribs and costophrenic angle

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22
Q

Where would the CR be for PA chest

A

7-8” from vertebral prominen (C7)

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23
Q

Where would the CR be for L Lateral chest

A

3-4” from jugular notch (T2)

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24
Q

What is the tissue that make up the lungs

A

parenchyma

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25
Q

How do you know the exposure is good for PA chest

A

-no motion
-sharp outline of ribs
-visualization of vascular marking

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26
Q

How do you know the exposure is good for Lateral chest

A

-no motion
-sharp outline of posterior ribs & lung marking through heart shadow & upper lung areas

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27
Q

[AB] Why do we do left decub instead of right?

A

away from normal air

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28
Q

Why do you hold your breath on 2nd inspiration?

A

move air inside without strain

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29
Q

The heart appears larger as a result of _____

A

shorter SID
increased OID

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30
Q

Major organs are swapped in the opposite side of the body is termed

A

situs inversus

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31
Q

[CHEST CXR] What is the kVP for pediatric pt? Why?

A

70-80
they have low body mass

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32
Q

Where is the CR for pediatrc pt

A

nipple line

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33
Q

[ROTATION]

for PA, you would look at what structure?

for lateral, you would look at what structure?

A

PA: clavicle (SC joints)

Lateral: posterior ribs

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34
Q

[ROTATION]
To indicate there are no rotation, the separation of posterior ribs should be ____

A

no more than 1/4 to 1/2”

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35
Q

For an adequate inspiration, how many ribs pairs will you see on a PA CXR?

A

10

36
Q

[CHEST CXR] What angle is the CR for AP supine/semierect ?

A

5 degree caudal angle

37
Q

Why for AP supine/semierect we put the CR at 5 degree caudal angle?

A

-CR can be perpendicular to long axis of sternum, preventing clavicles from superimposing apices of lungs

38
Q

Pneumothorax is detected on the right side of the lung, which position should the patient be placed in?

A

L lateral decub because the affected RIGHT lung should be up for us to see air.

39
Q

Hemothorax is detected in the left side of the lung, which position should the patient be placed in?

A

L lateral decub because the right side needed to be away from the mediastinum

40
Q

What is the purpose of lordotic position in CHEST CXR?

A

rule out calcification & masses beneath clavicles

41
Q

Where is the CR in erect lordotic position for Chest CXR?

A

3-4” below jugular notch

42
Q

Where is the CR in supine lordotic position for Chest CXR?

A

15-20 degree cephalad to midsternum

43
Q

LPO corresponds to which position? Why?

A

RAO
Both see L lung best

44
Q

[CXR] RPO corresponds to which position? Why?

A

LAO
Both see R lung best

45
Q

Which positions can see the right lung best?

A

LAO
RPO

46
Q

Which positions can see the left lung best?

A

RAO
LPO

47
Q

For ___ oblique, lung will be farthest from IR

A

Anterior

48
Q

For ___ oblique, lung will be closest to IR

A

posterior

49
Q

If magnification of diaphragm increases, then the lung field is ____

A

SHORTER

50
Q

[CHEST CXR] Which oblique position will cause the lung field to be shorter

A

POSTERIOR because the diaphragm is being magnified

51
Q

[CHEST CXR] why posterior oblique results in larger heart and great vessels

A

farther away from the IR

52
Q

How do you know if you are looking at a posterior oblique radiograph?

A

Heart is large
Diaphragm is magnified
Short lung field

53
Q

How do you know if you are looking at AP or PA CXR?

A

????

54
Q

What is the CR for Lateral & AP S.T. Neck

A

1” above jugular notch
which is T1 or T2

55
Q

[S.T. Neck]
SID for AP?
SID for Lateral?

A

AP: 40
Lateral: 72

56
Q

[S.T. Neck] Why is it important to make sure inspiration is SLOW & DEEP

A

ensure air filled the trachea and upper airway

57
Q

What does the BONY thorax include?

A

2 clavicles
2 scapula
1 sternum
12 rib pairs
12 thoracic vertebra

58
Q

Why is Right lung shorter than Left lung

A

because liver located in RUQ of abdomen which pushes up on RT hemidiaphragm

59
Q

The base of lung is attached or rest on _____

A

diaphragm

60
Q

Costophrenic angle is where ____

A

diaphragm meets ribs

61
Q

Cardiophrenic angle located in ____

A

LT ventricle
RT atrium

62
Q

Hilum is where ____ (4) enter & leaves lungs

A

bronchi
blood
lymph vessels
nerve

63
Q

Why is it important to include costophrenic angle in CHEST CXR?

A

-where fluid accumulated in erect position
-pulmonary edema

64
Q

The difference b/w these disease:
1. Empyema
2. Hemothorax

What are the positions for any type of pleural effusion ?

A
  1. fluid is pus
    -caused by chest wound, ruptured lung abscess, obstruction of bronchi
  2. fluid is blood
    -RT: caused by heart failure
    -LT: trauma, pancreatitis, pulmonary infarct, subphrenic abscess

erect PA
lateral decub with affected side DOWN

65
Q

____ is an accumulation of air in pleural space that can cause ____. Results in ___ (2)?

A

Pneumothorax
collapse of lung
==> SOB & chest pain

66
Q

Parietal pleura lines ___

A

inner surface of chest wall & diaphragm

67
Q

What pleura cover surfaces of lungs

A

visceral

68
Q

What is the primary muscle for breathing

A

diaphragm

69
Q

what are the 3 openings in the diaphragm

A

IVC
Esophagus
Aorta

70
Q

When inhale, the diaphragm moves ___

A

DOWN

71
Q

when diaphragm go down, the volume of thoracic go ___, which ___ intrathoracic pressure. This is called ___

A

UP

decrease

Inspiration

72
Q

When volume decreases, pressure increases, air go ___

A

OUT

73
Q

When volume increases, pressure decreases, air go ___

A

IN

74
Q

Which structure of the oropharynx mark the boundary b/w nasopharynx and oropharynx

A

Uvula

75
Q

What cartilaginous structure of the laryngopharynx prevent food & fluid from entering larynx & bronchi and cover the trachea

A

epiglottis

76
Q

What structure is behind the hyoid bone

A

Larynx

77
Q

The larynx (voice box) is located at ____

A

C3 - C6

78
Q

What are the 3 cartilages structure of larynx

A

epiglottis
thyroid
cricoid

79
Q

The trachea is located at ___

A

C6 - T4

80
Q

Trachea is divided at ____

A

carina

81
Q

Bronchi on the left or right is more prone to foreign bodies? why?

A

Right because of larger diameter

82
Q

What structures are within the Mediastinum (5)

A

thoracic organs
esophagus
trachea
thymus
heart

83
Q

What is the role of thymus gland? how does it look in pediatric pt

A

development of immune system

prominent in infant

84
Q

What is the organ that is located behind the upper sternum and said to be temporary in infancy and disappears in adulthood?

A

Thymus gland

85
Q

Which body habitus is described here: broad thorax, deep from back, shallow in vertical dimension, wide & short lungs

A

Hypersthenic

86
Q

Which body habitus is described here: slender, narrow in width, shallow from front to back, long in vertical dimension

A

asthenic

RAD 370 - Anatomy (5 decks)

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