test 2 Flashcards
main function of heart
pump blood
function of lungs
oxygenate
circulation
movement of blood thru heart thru blood vessels. heart pumps and pushes thru body
perfusion
continuous supply of blood flow thru capillaries bed delivering nutrients nutrients and oxygen in body. it also picks up waste such as CO2 and brings it back to body
only oxygenated vein
pulmonary vein
only deoxygenated artery
pulmonary artery
blood flow thru heart
vena cava- right atrium-tricuspid- right ventricle- pulmonary valve- pulmonary artery- lungs- pulmonary veins- left atrium- bicuspid valve- left ventricle- aorta valve- aorta
base
top of heart
apex
bottom of heart. strongest muscle. pushes blood out
capillaries
let o2 out and take co2 in. let nutrients out and bring in waste
A fib
atria not creating good beat. bad circulation
pericardium
2 layers with serous fluid. membrane encloses heart. shields against infection
pericardial fluid
keeps heart from rubbing against pericardium. causes pain
pericardium fluid
shock absorber
too much pericardium fluid
Cardiac temponade
electrolytes involved in heart beating effectively, if thrown off, imbalance occurs
magnesium, calcium, potassium
myocardium
strong heart muscle. never rests
epicardium
outer smooth membrane that lays on top
endocardium
inner lining of heart
widow maker
left descending artery. main artery for heart. if blocked, results in MI that typically goes undetected
connects capillaries
veinus and arterial system
risk factor for blockage
high cholesterol
coronary circulation
oxygenates heart itself
cardiopulmonary circulation
circulation that occurs between the heart and lungs
congestion on right side
edema. backup in body
backup on left side
goes into lungs causing abnormal sounds, congestion, SOB, inability to breathe, dyspnea, low pulse ox
thrombus
clot
embolus
moving clot
SA node
where conduction starts
called pacemaker
avg HR 60-100 beats
AV node
if conduction doesn’t start in SA, It comes here
HR 40-60 beats/ min
what happens if AV node is diseased
man made structure put in
auto meticity
spontaneous rthym where atrias beat then ventricles beat
conduction order
SA node- AV node- bundle branch- splits and goes to both ventricles- purkinge fibers (causes ventricular beat)
controls heart rate and contracting
autonomic nervous system
if we need faster heart rate, stronger, more oxygen, or more blood flow
ANS sympathetic
slows heart rate back down with vagus nerve
parasympathetic
baroreceptors
detect pressure changes in aortic arch, and carotid artery. could cause increase or decrease in HR
Chemoreceptor
detect change in blood pH, such as o2 levels and co2 levels
can also increase/decrease HR
dilates or contracts vessels
what does stress cause to be released increasing HR, causing vasoconstriction, blood clots capillary issues
catecholamines
factors influencing cardiovascular function
developmental stage, environment, lifestyle, medications, pathophysiological conditions
baby aspirin can be prescribed for
preventing strokes and heart attacks
heart failure
ineffective pump
cardiomyopathy
heart is enlarged. cant work properly. irreversible
cardiac ischemia
not enough oxygen . can lead to necrosis, crushing pain (agina pectoris). wont lead to death but can cause other problems
coronary artery disease
buildup of plaque. can decrease blood flow. narrowing leads to high HR
CAD sound in carotid artery (neck)
bruit
dysrhythmias
any alteration in HR or rthym. could lead to MI or cause clots
heart valve stenosis
valve narrows. possible murmurs and extra sounds
peripheral vascular disease
inadequate blood flow. some places can appear pale. hair loss can occur
venous peripheral vascular disease
blood cant flow back
edema, skin is brownish, stashish ulcers
orthostatic hypertension
blood pressure drops from lying to standing
arrthymia
no heart beat
labs for cardio assessment
cholesterol, lipid panels, electrolytes, CRP- inflammation
diagnostic test that looks at valves
TEE
5 lead EKG color order
right top- white
right bottom- green
left top- black
left bottom- red
middle- brown
P wave
SA node
QRS complex
depolarization of ventricle
T wave
ventricle at rest
U wave
only shown if injury
Examples of cardio nursing diagnosis
decreased cardiac output, ineffective tissue perfusion, anxiety, fatigue, activity intolerance
cardio physiological needs
CVA, fatigue, fluid overload, tissue perfusion, cardiac output
cardia safety needs
pain, risk for falls
cardiac interventions
Promote circulation/ Prevent clots
Elevate legs
Ambulate
Range of Motion exercises
TED hose
SCDs
Manage anxiety
Stay calm
Provide clear and precise instructions
medications
dialate blood vessels, increase cardiac output. decrease work load of heart
vasodialators
block epinephrine and norepinephrine. can be used for dysrthymias
beta blockers
block calcium. decrease bp and hr
calcium channel blockers
increase pumping action
intropics
reduces sodium. more urination. some pull K+
diuretics
blocks liver enzyme responsible for making cholesterol
anticholesterol
the phase of sleep where function is low
NREM
When are beta waves seen during sleep
at periods of wake
how many hours of sleep does a newborn need
15-18
waves that represent client is in a deep sleep
delta
what neurotransmitters inhibit sleep
serotonin, histamine, prostaglandins, acetylcholines
what controls circadian rhythm
hypothalamus
atelactis
complete or partial collapse of entire lobe/lung
benefit of pursed lips
reduce overall work of breathing
alveoli
tiny air sacs that allow for gas exchange in lungs
movement of air in/out the lungs
ventilation
exchange of oxygen/co2
respiration
hypoventilation
slow, shallow rate.
co2 is staying in the body
hyperventilation
high, shallow rate
too much o2 leaving the body
what can cause hypoventilation
medications (narcotics, paralytics), head injuries
what can cause hyperventilation
pain, anxiety
taachypnea
fast RR
bradypnea
slow RR
Orthopnea
cant breathe efficiently laying down. common in heart failure patients
evpnea
normal breathing
obstructive respiratory issues
can breathe in well, but not out. air trapping. lung elasticity problems
restrictive respiratory issues
have a hard time breathing in. Lung compliance problems.
ex: trauma, obesity, asthma
airway resistance
o2 has problems getting to lungs
ex- allergies, bronchitis
chemoreceptors
monitors co2, o2, and blood pH. in brain and carotid system
lung receptors
measure lung expansion
pulmonary function loss in elderly
lose cough reflex
lose alveoli
expected RR above 20
medications affecting pulmonary function
narcotics, paralytics, musculoskeletal relaxings
lifestyle causes that can affect pulmonary
smoking, pregnancy, obesity, drug use
ABG
arterial blood gas
determines amount of o2 in blood
hypoxemia
too little oxygen in blood
hypoxia
too little oxygen in tissue
can hypoxemia lead to hypoxia
yes
can hypoxia lead to hypoxemia
no, if you have hypoxia and not hypoxemia, it must be a circulatory issue or something like edema
how can neuromuscular and the CNS affect pulmonary function
cns needs to tell the body what to do/how to respond
muscles help us breathe by movement
pulmonary system abnormalities
lung disorders
pulmonary circulation abnormalities
blood flow issues
capnography
measuring co2 being released
test that involves pinching nose, breathing in and out of tube. measures what breathes in and out. gives idea of chronic resp problem.
spirometry
physical exam functions
breathing pattern
resp effort
pulse ox
cardiac functioning
inspection, palpation, percussion, ausculation
people who cant cough, have trach : nursing diagnosis
ineffective airway clearence
hypoventilation, hyperventilation: nursing diagnosis
ineffective has exchange
people who aren’t getting enough air to alveoli. could be from pneumonia, smoking, etc..
nursing diagnosis
impaired gas exchange
edema, gangrene, PAD: Nursing diagnosis
ineffective tissue perfusion
patient that cant breathe on their own. could be due to stroke: nursing diagnosis
impaired spontaneous ventilation
helps reinflate lungs
chest tubes
chest physiotherapy
tapping on back to help break secretions in lungs
mucoid
containing or resembling mucous
mucoid
containing or resembling mucous
perulent
containing pus
mucopurulent
containing pus and mucous
vicious
thick and sticky
kills bacteria causing infections
antibiotic
blocks effects of histamine that has been released by the body during an allergy attack
antihistamine
relieves urge to cough
antitussive
relaxes muscle spasms in bronchial tubes
bronchodialator
reduces inflammation and swelling
corticosteriods
reduces stuffiness and congestion
decongestant
improves ability to cough up mucous
expectorant
liquifies mucus so it’s easier to cough up
mucolytic
tidal volume for lungs
how much you breathe in and out
residual volume lungs
how much air is left in lungs
vital capacity lungs
how much breathed in with the biggest breathe and how much is released with the biggest breathe out
proprioceptors
where your body is in space. if your tipping forward or upside down
stimulus
trigger that stimulates receptor
perception
ability to interpret sensory impulses and give meaning to impulses
where is the reticular activating system and what does it do
brain step. keeps us awake and alert
what can RAS be affected by and what happens when it is
can be affected by environment or medications.
if effected: possible coma or lethargy
noticing changes from seeing one thing to another
contrasting stimuli
mechanoreceptors
detect pressure
sensory deprivation
absence or reduced stimuli. input is reduced, people are not getting stimuli they are previously used too.
ex- isolation
sensory overload
too much stimuli- too much info coming in
can be from too much visiting to too many noises
ex- autistic patients may relate
sensory deficits
lack of being able to process info.
ex- blind, deaf, tactile problems
sensory deficits
lack of being able to process info.
ex- blind, deaf, tactile problems
impaired memory
Inability to recall information. Typically trauma related. You can be completely oriented but have impaired memory
unilateral neglect
Inability to respond to stimuli. Usually from strokes. Individuals may not have any sense that a part of body is there. There brain may not recognize. A intervention is safety
seizure
abrupt onset of disturbance of electrical activity in brain
primary generalized seizure
Whole brain is impacted. Typically from med or hereditary
partial seizure
One area of the brain is Impacted. From organic cause. Also called focal
pain
unpleasant/emotional experience
- what the patient says it is
cutaneous/superficial pain
on surface-skin
deep somatic pain
muscle, bone, tendon.
usually easy to pinpoint
visceral pain
generalized. usually related to an organ
radiating/referred pain
Having pain is where a problem isn’t.
Ex- pain in left arm from heart attack , or gallbladder pain in shoulder
phantom pain
Pain where something is no longer there. Cognitive problem
psychogenic pain
Pain is all in your head. Could be psychological disorder, or there is pain and we cant figure out why
nociceptive
pain receptors
nueropathic
nerve pain. treated with neuropathic agents not narcotics
intractable
High pain that is hard to control. Ex- sickle cell crisis. Patients may be on some serious pain meds
pain longer than 6 months
chronic
threshold
point at when your body says it hurts. usually the same your whole life
tolerance
point we say enough is enough. can change from situation
endocrine reaction to pain
Elevated blood sugar. General response- glucose levels goes down
Large release of ADH (anti diuretic hormone)
Inflammatory response- elevated HR or Temp
cardio response to pain
HR increases, BP increases, more of risk for clot formation, increase in risk for O2 response
respiratory response to pain
Breathing inefficiently, breathing to shallow
musculoskeletal response to pain
immobility
genitourinary response to pain
Decreased output
possible electrolyte imbalances, potential hypertension related to holding in urine
gastrointestinal response to pain
constipation
gastrointestinal response to pain
constipation
contralateral stimulation
rubbing the opposite area
nonopioid analgesics
NSAIDs, acetaminophen
opiod analgesics
IV, transdermal, epidural
adjuvant analgesics
drugs that aren’t for pain but can help release pain
