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Test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Evolution Evidence

A

Fossils + Radiometric Dating
Biogeography
Comparative Anatomy
Bioinformatics

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2
Q

Fossils

A
  • First suggestion Earth = Old

- Rep. Ancient forms of modern organisms

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3
Q

Lamarck

A

Life PHYSICALLY EVOLVED to SUCCEED in their environment

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4
Q

Lyell

A

Earth CHANGED through NATURAL PROCESSES

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5
Q

Darwin

A
  • Origin of Species

- Life EVOLVED through NATURAL SELECTION

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6
Q

Everyday example of Natural Selection

A
  • Anti-Biotic Resistant Bacteria
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7
Q

Natural Selection

A
  • Certain INHERITED CHARACTERISTICS = Higher REPRODUCTION and SURVIVAL
  • Unequal reproductive success!
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8
Q

3 types of Selection

A

Natural Selection
Artificial Selection
Sexual Selection

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9
Q

Artificial Selection

A
  • selective breeding

- promote favorable traits

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10
Q

Sexual Selection

A
  • Characteristics increase mates
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11
Q

Radiometric Dating

A
  • fossil age exact age

- SMALLER HALF-LIFE = OLDER FOSSIL

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12
Q

Biogeography

A
  • geographic distribution of species
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13
Q

Comparative Anatomy

A
  • compare bone structure of modern organisms
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14
Q

Bioinformatics

A
  • technology

- MATHEMATICAL MODELS analyze info.

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15
Q

Fossil Age Relative V Absolute

A
  • Relative = Sedimentary Layers

- Absolute = Radiometric Dating

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16
Q

Macroevolution

A
  • Evolution ABOVE species level
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17
Q

Microevolution

A
  • Change in pop. gene pool over GENERATIONS
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18
Q

Speciation

A

formation of NEW SPECIES

increases DIVERSITY OF LIFE

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19
Q

Two types of Speciation

A

Branching

Non-Branching

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20
Q

Non-Branching Speciation

A

ancestral population CHANGES OVERTIME

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21
Q

Branching Speciation

A

ancestral pop. SPLITS into DISTINCT populations

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22
Q

Mass Extinction

A

brief CATASTROPHIC event WIPES OUT 50-90% of SPECIES

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23
Q

What follows a mass extinction?

A

diversification of survivors

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24
Q

Phylogenic Tree

A
  • branching diagram

- hypothesis about evolutionary relationship of organisms

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25
Q

Systematics

A

Branch of Bio.

classification of organisms

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26
Q

Phylogeny

A

SHARED evolutionary history

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27
Q

Why are virus NOT alive?

A

CANNOT GROW + REPRODUCE ON ITS OWN

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28
Q

Invasive Species

A

non-native populations that spread FAR BEYOND orignal intro. point

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29
Q

What effects to invasive species have?

A

Economic + Environmental Damage

Colonizes = Dominates Habitats

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30
Q

2 ways invasive species are controlled

A

Biological Control

Integrated Pest Management

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31
Q

Biological Control

A

Intentional RELEASE of ENEMY = ATTACK PEST POP.

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32
Q

Integrated Pest Management

A

maintain LOW PEST POP

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33
Q

5 steps of evolution

A
  1. variation (mutation)
  2. change in environment
  3. elimination of undesirable traits
  4. reproduction of survivors
  5. change to pop. OVERTIME
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34
Q

Why do humans still get sick despite the immune system + modern medicine?

A

Bacteria EVOLVE through NATURAL selection

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35
Q

Evolution

A

descent with modification

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36
Q

What drives evolution?

A

Natural Selection: UNEQUAL REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS

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37
Q

Why is antibiotic resistance more common today?

A
  • misuse + overuse of anti-biotics

- allows bacteria to BUILD RESISTANCE

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38
Q

What is the smallest biological unit that can evolve?

A

POPULATIONS

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39
Q

Descent with Modification

A

EVOLUTION

- CHANGES in GENES + DNA over GENERATIONS

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40
Q

Mutation

A

RANDOM change in DNA

SOURCE OF VARIATION

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41
Q

What are the effects of mutation?

A

negative
neutral
RARELY POSITIVE

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42
Q

What are the 4 mechanisms of evolution

A

Mutation
Genetic Drift
Gene Flow
Sexual Selection

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43
Q

Genetic Drift

A
  • change in the gene pool due to CHANCE
  • MINIMAL IMPACT ON LARGE POPULATIONS
  • LARGE IMPACT ON SMALL POP.
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44
Q

What are the 2 kinds of Genetic Drift?

A

FOUNDER EFFECT

BOTTLENECK EFFECT

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45
Q

Bottleneck Effect

A
  • Affects ORIGINAL pop
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46
Q

Founder Effect

A

SMALL, GENETICALLY DIFFERENT population

DOES NOT AFFECT ORIGNAL POP

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47
Q

Genepool

A

ALL forms of genes in a population @ any one time

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48
Q

What does NATURAL SELECTION ACT ON?

A

The gene pool

49
Q

Species

A

SIMILAR ANATOMICAL characteristics + INTERBREED

50
Q

What are the 6 Reproductive Barriers?

A

Behavioral Isolation

Mating Time Differences

Habitat Isolation

Mechanical Incombatability

Gametic Incompatibility

Hybrid Weakness

51
Q

Behavioral Isolation

A

SPECIFIC markings, smells, rituals

52
Q

Mating Time Differences

A

breed @ different times in the year

53
Q

Habitat Isolation

A

different habitats = NO INTERACTION

54
Q

Mechanical Incompatibility

A

anatomy = incompatiable

55
Q

Gametic Incompatibility

A

Sperm + egg CANNOT FERTILIZE

56
Q

Hybrid Weakness

A
  • hybrids can be sterile

- UNFIT OFFSPRING

57
Q

Two kinds of physical speciation

A

Allopatric

Sympatric

58
Q

Allopatric

A

PHYSICAL BARRIER causes speciation

59
Q

Sympatric

A

new species arise AMONG old species

60
Q

Endosymbiosis

A

one species LIVES INSIDE ANOTHER HOST SPECIES

61
Q

Evidence for endosymbiosis (eukaryotes evolved from prokaryotes)

A

Chloroplasts + Mitochonria retain OWN DNA + RNA + Protiens similar to Prokaryotes

62
Q

4 Major Branching points in Plant Evolution

A

Non Vascular Plants
Seedless Vascular Plants
Gymnosperm
Angiosperms

63
Q

Non-Vascular Plants

A

grow in low mats

SWIMMING SPERM, NEED H2O TO REPRODUCE

64
Q

Seedless Vascular Plants

A

VASUCLAR TISSUE, CELL WALL

TALL

65
Q

GYMNOSPERM

A

SEEDS

REPRODUCE NEAR WATER

66
Q

ANGIOSPERMS

A

FLOWERING PLANTS
COMPLEX
MAJORITY OF PLANTS

67
Q

3 Misconceptions of Evolution

A

Humans evolved from Chimps

Humans evolved linearly

Human Features evolved all at once

68
Q

Prokaryotic Cells

A

small

no nucleus

evolved SOONER

unicellular

69
Q

Examples of prokaryotic cells

A

Bacteria, Archea

70
Q

Eukaryotic Cells

A

Nucelus

10 - 100x LARGER

Nucleus!

evolved LATER

71
Q

Examples of Eukaryotes

A

Plants, Animals, Fungi, Protists

72
Q

Unique Prokaryote features

A
  • flagellas (freely moving)
  • cell walls = OUTSIDE plasma membrane
  • ENDOSPORE, protects from harsh cond.
73
Q

Archea V Bacteria

A

molecularly + organized differenly

74
Q

What is the primary prokaryotic method of reproduction?

A

Binary Fission

75
Q

Binary Fission

A

one cell splits into two

GENETICALLY IDENTICAL

76
Q

What are the three prokaryotic shapes

A

cocci –> circle
bacilli –> rod shaped
spiral –> curved shape

77
Q

Bacteriophage

A

virus that INFECTS BACTERIA

78
Q

Transduction

A

transfer of bacterial genes from one cell to another by a PHAGE

79
Q

TRANSDUCTION STEPS

A
  1. Bacteriophage infects bacterium
  2. New Virus = made
  3. Bacteriophage w/ Bacterial DNA INFECTS ANOTHER BACTERIUM
80
Q

Plasmids

A

circular DNA molcule containing FEW genes

CAN REPLICATE INDEPENDENTLY FROM A chromosome

81
Q

Transformation

A

UPTAKE of DNA from ENVIRONMENT into a BACTERIAL CELL

82
Q

Conjugation

A

TRANSFER of DNA between two cells through a PHYSICAL BRIDGE (mating bridge formed by sex pili)

83
Q

Emerging Virus

A

virus that APPEARS SUDDENLY/recently come to attention of medical scientists

84
Q

What two things lead to an emerging virus?

A
  1. Mutations of old virus

2. Expansion following confinement

85
Q

Retrovirus

A

RNA makes DNA, reverses normal flow of Gene info

EX: HIV

86
Q

Prion

A

infectious misshapen PROTEIN that multiply by misshaping others

EX: Kuru

87
Q

Viroids

A

Plant Pathogen

CIRCULAR, Single-Stranded RNA

Replicate CELLULAR ENZYMES

Stunt plant growth

88
Q

Lytic Cycle

A

Viral DNA causes Cells BURST

89
Q

Lysogenic

A

inserted virus DNA lies dormant in cells

90
Q

2 viral replication cycles

A

Lytic

Lysogenic

91
Q

Wha are the 3 mechanisms of evolution?

A

genetic drift, geneflow, sexual selection

92
Q

Organs in circulatory system

A

heart, venues, veins, arterioles, arteries, capillaries

93
Q

Circulatory System

A

transports materials + nutrients + hormones to body cells and waste away from cells

94
Q

Immune System

A

defends body against infectious disease

95
Q

What are the two divisions of the immune system>

A

External, Internal (Lymphatic System)

96
Q

External Immune System

A

barriers that stop pathogens from penetrating DEEP inside the body

97
Q

External Immune System Organs

A

Hair, mucous membranes, stomach acid, skin, secretions (sweat, saliva)

98
Q

Lymphatic System

A

REMOVES PATHOGENS FROM THE BLOOD

99
Q

Lymphatic System Components

A

Lymph Nodes
Lymph
Lymphocytes

100
Q

Lymph Nodes

A

small organs located along LYMPH VESSEL

FILTERS LYMPH

101
Q

Lymph

A

Fluid that CIRCULATES in the LYMPHATIC SYSTEM

102
Q

Lymphocytes

A

WHITE blood cells that RECOGNIZE + RESPOND to Pathogens

103
Q

What are the two main types of lymphocytes?

A

B-Cells and T-Cells

104
Q

B Cells

A

Produce ANTIBODIES

105
Q

T-Cells

A

KILLS INFECTED CELLS

REGULATE IMMUNE CELLS

106
Q

Memory Cells

A

Accelerate immune response to preciously encounter pathogens

107
Q

Endocrine System

A

chemical/hormone regulation

108
Q

Organs of Endocrine System

A

thyroid, pituitary glands, pancreas, adrenal glands

109
Q

Infectious Diseases

A

pathogens INVADE the body

CAN COMBAT

110
Q

Genetic Disease

A

INHERITED ALTERATIONS TO DNA

CAN NOT BE COMBATED

111
Q

AntiBiotics

A

natural/synthetic drugs that kill/inhibit bacteria growth

EX: penicillin

112
Q

Vaccine

A

dormant/harmless version of virus that allows body to LEARN DEFENSE

113
Q

How do STI’s infect the body?

A

Many STI’s can cause infertility among women

114
Q

STI

A

contagious diseases spread by SEXUAL CONTACT

115
Q

T/F STI’s caused by infections are temporary

A

False! Some viral STI’s last a lifetime

116
Q

Bacterial STIs

A

Gonorrea

Chlamydia

117
Q

Virus STIs

A

herpes

aids

cervical cancer

118
Q

What can cause STIs?

A

Bacteria, Viruses, Protists, Fungi

Bio 100 (1 decks)

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