Test 2

Question 1

What is war?

Answer 1

All societies engage in 
some form of warfare 
which, broadly defined, 
would include all acts of 
ritualized or collective 
violence committed by 
one organized group 
against another.

Question 2

What is limited and Unlimited war?

Answer 2

Limited war is when you get your adversary to agree to your terms

Unlimited war is when you processed until you achieve total disarmament.

Question 3

Strategy Vs. Tactic

Answer 3

Strategy: the decision made about where forces should be deployed and where armies should seek to fight in order to achieve an overall victory

Tactics: the way various military forces are employed on the battlefield in an attempt to “win the day”. this is more so how an army fights on a battlefield

Question 4

What are the elements of tactics and the battlefield?

Answer 4

Kinetic Action: the employment of force by one unit against another either at close range (melee) or at long range (firepower). This is essentially people banging into each other on the battlefield

Mobile Action: The employment of speed on the battlefield. this is when you dispatch certain forces quickly in order to aid kinetic action. For most of history, this has been the Calvary.

Shock Action: the psychological effect of the employment of force. People with spears and swords running at you would trigger the flight or fight response.

Security: protection against offensive action. This is to ensure that your own formation is secure. I.E. if you know there is a Calvary you should make sure that your forces do not get scattered by them.

Question 5

What is the Infantry?

Answer 5

infantry is the most basic military force composed of individual foot soldiers carrying weapons that allow them to engage any enemy in hand-to-hand combat or at the range.

Infantry units can be composed of professional soldiers or citiziens armies raised from the countryside and vary in quality and technology

Question 6

What is Calvary?

Answer 6

traditionally, calvary have been the most mobile arm of military forces and consisted of warriors carrying a range of weapons mounted on horseback

They can employ firepower but most often have been used for their shock effect

Question 7

What is Artillery?

Answer 7

dense formations and fortifications can be attacked using artillery which in the ancient world included catapults and ballista which fired heavy rocks and bolds from a distance

has both a kinetic and shock effect but is and shock effect but is highly immobile and so requires significant protective forces

Good for maintaining land area.

Question 8

What is the line formation?

Answer 8

In the early 19th-century firepower was brought to bear on the enemy through a combination of artillery fire and volleys fired from lines and infantry (order mince)

Line formations 2-6 deep maximzed the technological limitations of the smoothbore musket but also brought the most weapons to bear on the enemy at anytime.

Question 9

What is the Colum formation?

Answer 9

The column formation (order profonde) could be used to maximize the shock effect of infantry

It could break through infantry line formations through them into disorder but was also vulnerable to firepower

The cavalry charge was used for its shock effect on massed infantry

Question 10

What is a professional Army?

Answer 10

supplemented by professional mercenaries, dominated 18th-century professional armies

Question 11

What is the ordre mixte?

Answer 11

As armies increasingly 
came to rely on untrained 
volunteers, the precise 
tactics of the 18th century 
broke down.

The ordre mixte of 
columns and lines became 
the hallmark of French 
battle tactics in which 
infantry, supported by 
artillery sought to drive 
the enemy from the field 
through the weight of numbers

Question 12

Psychology of warefare

Answer 12

Battle is an inherently 
terrifying experience which 
makes morale and cohesion 
equally important elements 
of the battlefield.

Morale is the willingness 
of soldiers to place the 
welfare of the group before 
considerations about their 
individual wellbeing.

Question 13

What is combat stress reaction

Answer 13

this is when morale breaks down during warfare and soldiers no longer are mentally capable to engage in battle.

There are accounts of what today we call combat stress reaction going back to acient times as war is an inherently stressful and terrifying expierence

Question 14

What is Dynastic warefare?

Answer 14

Kings fighting kings largely for more territory

Religion also played a 
dominant role in both 
rationalizing war and 
organizing international 
diplomacy.

Question 15

What is Siege Warefare?

Answer 15

In the medieval time it was about taking castles, but in this period because you are dealing with more emerging states, sieges were rarely decisive and could last months or years, and you can capture an important city but this can be only one step in a larger campaign

Question 16

Muskets

Answer 16

The development of the flintlock musket and bayonet at the end of the 1600s increased rates of fire and made the pike obsolete

To fight effectively, soliders had to train to load and fire their highly inaccurates weapons as a unit while employing the bayonet to parry infantry and cavalary charges

As muskets become the main weapon, training becomes even more important since the loading of it needs to be in a very specific order.

Question 17

What were some of the problems with new professional armies?

Answer 17

Larger armies which relied on the discipline required a steady supply of food, pay, ammunition, and other supplies

This, in turn, necessitated the professionalization of these functions

In the medieval period, a number of 10,000 was large and they would feed themselves by ravaging the countryside,

As armies get larger and they rely on individuals to fight wars, raiding them hurt loyality and it takes a lot to feed an army of 80,000 people what this creates is logistics which is the amount of food and supplies these armies needs for their horses, and indivdiauls

Question 18

What was the average soldier like?

Answer 18

Most soldiers were poor, 
illiterate men who went into 
service from the masses of 
urban poor who had been 
pushed off the land.

The army was not a path to
riches but provided a means
to survive from day to day.

Soldiers were thus marginal
people with limited power
and few other prospects.

I.E. a lot of people in England were kicked off of farming land and went to the city which created a class of landless people who had no way of feeding themselves, the army provides one opportunity to feed themselves.

Question 19

What was the recruiting process like?

Answer 19

Recruiting was often 
conducted to the ‘beat of 
the drum’ by officers 
entrusted with finding 
men to ‘take the king’s 
shilling’.

The ranks could also be 
filled with vagrants and 
petty criminals, 
especially in the 
colonies.

Recruiting is done with a lot of cohesion and bribery, they would also often get people drunk and then signing them into the army.

Question 20

Paradox of drinking

Answer 20

The army paradoxically 
issued alcohol to soldiers 
and used it's easy 
availability as an 
inducement to service 
and then severely 
punished men for 
drunkenness.

This paradox reflected 
both class differences 
and the uncertain nature 
of military discipline: it 
was a negotiation. 

Drunkness was tolerated to a certain extent, being drunk on duty was a crime but at the same time you were being fed alchohal.

Question 21

How was discipline used?

Answer 21

It was thought that an 
the effective army was one 
that was highly 
disciplined, which was 
necessary for the tactics of 
the day.

Drunkenness, desertion, 
and  disobeying orders 
could all be punished with 
physical pain or even 
death in the belief that 
fear of punishment would 
keep soldiers in line.

Although common (desertion), was the most harshly punished, desertion within the British army was often punished with execution but could also be punished by branding if it was a first-time offence so that people would know that you were a deserter.

Why did people tolerate this?

This was just the way things were done. Things were not necessarilt better inside the army as outside the army.

Question 22

What did they do with older soldiers?

Answer 22

There was no systematic
provision for military
pensions until the late 19th
and early 20th centuries.

Old soldiers might be 
admitted to a soldier’s 
hospital if infirm or 
otherwise depended on 
charity for survival.

Question 23

What is military medicine?

Answer 23

Military medicine has
always served a dual
purpose.

First, it provides for the 
humane treatment of those 
wounded in battle. Second, 
it helps motivate men to 
fight and ensures that the 
progress of marching 
armies are 
“unencumbered” by the 
wounded.

Question 24

Infectious disease

Answer 24

Wounds sustained on the 
battlefield were an obvious 
task for the medical 
services, but until the 20th 
century, infectious 
diseases caused the vast 
majority of casualties in 
armies during both 
peacetime and at war.

Disease often had a decisive
effect on the ability of
armies to wage war.

Question 25

Theories of disease

Answer 25

``` Early modern European understandings of disease were based on older Greco- Roman ideas that can be loosely grouped under the heading of “Humoral theory.” ``` ``` The humoral theory held that there were four basic fluids (humour) in the body and sickness was caused by imbalance. ``` any sickness or fever was thought of as the body trying to purge one fluid or conserve another so the body could have balance.

Question 26

Physicians Vs Surgeons

Answer 26

Until the 18th century (and even beyond), physicians and surgeons were separate professions. ``` Physicians diagnosed sickness, proscribed medications, and gave a prognosis while surgeons worked on physical wounds pulled teeth, and performed minor operations. ``` Surgeons touch patients but physicians didn't

Question 27

Nurses in the Army

Answer 27

``` In the 18th century, the development of formalized casualty evacuation brought a growing need for professional nursing care. ``` ``` While nurses continued to often be the wives or widows of soldiers, the position of Head Matron became an important position in the military medical establishment. ```

Question 28

Thyroid fever

Answer 28

``` This water-borne illness was a major cause of “camp disease” as it spread via water contaminated with bacteria. ``` ``` Armies on the march, besieging towns, and in garrison were both susceptible to typhoid and helped it to spread. ``` It goes through three stages 1. In the first week you would have an intermittent rolling fever, which is a fever that goes up and down and causes your pulse rate to decrease which is the point of what usually happens with fevers 2. The second week your fever would get high and stay high and your pulse rate would drop to around 60 beats a min 3. Develop a rash, the third week causes the patient to become dillirious, the fever would either break or they would die from an internal hemerage or dehydration

Question 29

Smallpox

Answer 29

``` Smallpox is caused by an airborne virus which can kill up to 30 percent of people infected. ``` ``` Inoculation against smallpox was developed in the Ottoman Empire and was gradually adopted in Europe in the late 18th century. ``` those exposed to cow pox did not tend to develop smallpox

Question 30

Cholera

Answer 30

Cholera is a bacterial infection of the small intestine caused by Vibrio cholerae. ``` The symptoms of cholera are a characteristic ‘rice water’ diarrhea and vomiting leading to severe dehydration and death in 50% of cases without modern treatment. ```

Question 31

Nostalgia

Answer 31

Soldiers also suffered emotionally from the traumatic effects of combat. ``` During the Napoleonic Wars, French physician Jean Larrey described a condition he termed “nostalgia” in which patients were said to be sickened by their longing for home. ``` ``` Nostalgia posed a difficult problem for the army because there were no objective signs and symptoms. ```

Question 32

what did Rene Laennec invent

Answer 32

``` Laennec was a French physician who developed one of the first tools available to physicians to ‘see’ inside of the body. ``` ``` The stethescope he invented allowed Laennec to follow patients from bedside to autopsy. ```

Question 33

What do we mean by empty battlfield?

Answer 33

``` The chief tactical problem highlighted by the Napoleonic Wars was the problem of how to disperse an enemy formation on the battlefield. ``` ``` Later strategists would talk of the increasingly “empty battlefield” which created a no-man’s-land between two opposing lines. ``` This is mainly due to the fact that battle fields became more lethal with shelling technology.

Question 34

What were the two schools of thought on how Neoplatonic wars would be won?

Answer 34

``` There was the Elan school of thought where on the one side, there were those that believed that the chief lesson of the Napoleonic Wars was that the side with the greatest morale and offensive spirit (élan) would win the day. ``` ``` This meant avoiding costly firefights to drive the the enemy from the field with the bayonet. But how to do this? ``` ``` The other school of thought was firepower. On the other side were those that believed that the decisive factor would be massed firepower. ``` ``` This might be accomplished through the massing of artillery batteries or improvements in firearms technology. ```

Question 35

Who were Sir Charles Oman (British) and Jean Colin (French)?

Answer 35

they were historians that studied the Napoleonic wars and specifically debated how the British army defeated the French during the Peninsular War

Question 36

what is the peninsulla war?

Answer 36

This was when in 1807, Napoleon’s armies invaded Spain and portigual and as a result, the britain step in lead by the Duke of Wellington, Sir Arthur Wellesley, to assist Portugal

Question 37

What was the thin red line theory?

Answer 37

Oman argued that British firepower had been decisive on the battlefield, maximized by the use of long, thin lines two ranks deep composed of well-trained soldiers firing volleys every 15 seconds which enveloped French attack columns from three sides with fire.

Question 38

What was the use of column formation during the napoleonic wars?

Answer 38

``` The column formation (ordre profond) could be used to maximize the shock effect of infantry It could break through infantry line formations, throwing them into disorder but was also vulnerable to firepower The cavalry charge was used for its shock effect on massed infantry. ```

Question 39

What were skirmishers?

Answer 39

``` Both lines and columns tended to be screened by skirmish formations composed of light infantry, men trained to fight alone or in pairs who were to find, fix, harass, and suppress the enemy in front of the main body of men. ```

Question 40

What was the use of artillery during the Napoleonic wars?

Answer 40

Artillery was employed in batteries which could be limbered and moved relatively quickly. They fired round-shot or shrapnel shells at long range and canister fire at close range. Artillery suppressed movement and softened up infantry formations for attack.

Question 41

What was the role of cavalry during the Napoleonic wars?

Answer 41

Cavalry supported the infantry and artillery through mobility. ``` They could be used to hinder movement, force infantry into protective squares, or threaten artillery. ``` Their real utility was in riding down broken infantry units.

Question 42

The battle of Maida

Answer 42

On 4 July 1806, near Maida, Italy, a smaller number of British troops met a larger number of French troops. The French attacked in columns and met several volleys from British forces arrayed in lines. For Sir Charles Oman, the battle was characteristic of French columns engaging superior British lines. ``` Oman was wrong about the French deployment: subsequent research showed that they were not attacking in column but were deploying into line to attack when they met the British infantry. ``` ``` In his analysis he was likely influenced by contemporary discussions about the best naval formation for the attack, known as “Crossing the T” ```

Question 43

The importance of ground

Answer 43

British soldiers were often outnumbered by the french so they used the hilly Spanish terrain, using cover to conceal their location, numbers, and to avoid casualties. This use of dead-ground was an important tactic.

Question 44

What was the Baynet charge?

Answer 44

``` Multiple contemporary accounts suggest that British infantry routinely emerged from dead- ground at the last moment, held their fire until the decisive point, fired a volley or two and then charged with the bayonet. ``` Bayonet charges test enemy morale. ``` While bayonet wounds in battle were relatively rare, the fear of “cold steel” and the kinetic energy of a charge were often enough to disperse an enemy formation reeling from casualties and the strain of the advance. ```