Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Human Evolution > Test 2 > Flashcards

Test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the overall trends of Australopithecus and Paranthropus?

A
  • Post crania getting larger
  • canines and incisors getting smaller
  • mixture of attributes
    • long faces and small brain: p. aethiopicus
    • long faces and larger brains: au. africanus
    • shorter faces and larger brains: later paranthropus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Where were australopithecines located and when

A

ca. 7 to 4.4 Ma in the upper East African Rift Valley

ca. 4.2 to 1 Ma in East African Rift Valley descending all the way to South Africa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the East African Rift Valley and why is it so fossil rich

A
  • formed when Africa tried to break from Eur-Asia

- constantly filled with sediments from earthquakes and geological shifts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the oldest Australopithecine

A

Australopithecus anamensis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

When and where did anamensis live

A

4.2-3.9 Ma in Kenya and Ethiopia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What environment did anamensis inhabit and how do we know

A
  • forest ecology
    • arboreal animals found at same site (monkeys)
    • pollen
    • chemical signals from sediments
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are some physical attributes of anamensis

A
  • large canines but trending towards to smaller ones
  • vertical palate
  • inclined symphysis
    • potentially for large teeth
  • shorter arms than ardipithecus (similar to pan)
    • less tree oriented
  • robust knee and tibia
    • legs getting longer and heavier…pendulum
  • strong sexual dimorphism
    • similar to pan
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How does anamensis and pan compare (teeth and mandible-maxilla)

A
  • shorter more vertical face
  • shorter canines
  • large dentin pools
  • canine and p3 are about the same size
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Describe the cranial features of anamensis

A

-large zygoma (strong masseter attachment/correlates w/robust mandible and large teeth)
-large front teeth for ape-like chewing (past nasal aperture)
-forward-positioned sagittal crest (separate and give more room for temporalis)
-large face …prognathic lower face
-flared mastoid processes (more space for temporalis and wide mandible)
-long and narrow brain case
-

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the cranial capacity of anamensis and what is it similar to

A

365-370 cc

Similar to Sahelanthropus and Ardipithecus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Describe the biomechanics of anamensis joints (proximal tibia, distal tibia, distal humerus)

A

Proximal Tibia: robust, weight-bearing plateau (polygon) for referral condyle attachment
-modern looking
-for running and jumping…biped
Distal tibia: squared ankle, large malleolus (stable)
-perpendicular condition of join for talus attachment
-prominent medial malleolus
Distal humerus: (elbow) robust suggestion climbing
-large with deep groove
-chimp-like

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

When and where did Australopithecus afarensis live

A
  1. 9-3.0 Ma
    - in Hadar (Ethiopia), Laetoli (Tanzania), Kenya
    - widely distributed
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What environments did afarensis prefer

A

Mixed forest-open ecology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Describe afarensis mandible

A

-smaller canines
-larger premolars
-large molars
-long jaws
-large jaws
Brains larger than Pan but smaller than Homo (still overlap)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Compare afarensis cranium to anamensis

A
  • more robust face
  • somewhat large size of the back teeth+more powerful chewing muscles
  • average size 470cc
  • more slender and gracile canine
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Describe afarensis post crania

A

-broad, short, lateral pelvis
-large sacrum
-valgus knee and robust (anamensis too but less)
-shorter arms and forelimbs
-chimp-sized (30-60kg)
-shorter and less curved fingers (away from trees)
-

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

The Laetoli footprints (who, what)

A
  • afarensis
  • addicted toe
  • arch
  • heel-strike (deep heel impression)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Australopithecus africanus (where, when)

A

South Africa

3.5-2.5 Ma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

africanus environment

A
  • mixed forest-open ecology

- same as africanus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What two Australopithecines are similar sized

A

africanus+afarensis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What was the first australopithecine found

A

Taung Child

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

How does africanus compare to afarensis

A
  • larger molars
  • smaller front teeth
  • more massive face
  • 485cc (a little bigger)
  • identical post crania
    • obligate biped with climbing abilities
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What makes Australopithecus africanus different from Homo

A
  • long femoral necks
  • small femoral heads
  • flared ilia
  • small boy size
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Feature different between africanus and Ardipithecus (pelvis)

A

Shorter ilia and ischia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What two taxa fall under Australopithecines

A

Australopithecus and Paranthropus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Paranthropus description (when, where, what comparatively)

A
  • Generally later than Australopithecus
  • 2.5-1.0Ma
  • east and south Africa
  • more massive faces with larger chewing muscles
  • larger postcanines
  • smaller front teeth
  • larger brains
  • similar in mass, dimorphism, and postcrania morphology with Australopithecus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Where did Paranthropus aethiopicus live

A
  • west turkana and Ethiopia

- 2.5 Ma

28
Q

Environment of aethiopicus

A

Lake margin (forest), grassland

29
Q

Unusual anatomy of aethiopicus

A
  • primitive traits
    • small brain (410cc)
    • prognathic (most of any human)
    • large front teeth
    • flat cranial base
  • derived traits
    • huge back teeth
    • huge chewing muscles
    • very large face
30
Q

Describe the cranium of aethiopicus

A
  • huge face
  • huge sagittal crest
  • strong prognathism
  • flat base of cranium (changes in later Paranthropus)
  • small brain
  • dramatic postorbital gaps
    • small brain
    • huge chewing muscles
  • posterior temporalis
  • huge teeth
31
Q

In what ways is aethiopicus closer to afarensis

A
  • prognathism
  • brain size
  • basicranium
  • temporalis angle
32
Q

In what ways is aethiopicus similar to boisei

A
  • size of postcanines
  • size of face
  • size of muscles
33
Q

In what ways is boisei similar to early Homo

A
  • brain size
  • orthognathy
  • basicranium (flexed)
  • temporalis angle (vertical)
34
Q

When and where did Paranthropus robustus live

A
  • South Africa (only)
    • swartkrans, kromdraai
  • 2.0-1.0 Ma
35
Q

robustus environment and habits

A
  • Mixed forest, grassland
  • not slicing teeth but more tubors and roots
  • possible tool makers
    • Homo erectus other candidate
36
Q

Paranthropus boisei (when, where)

A

2.0-1.0 Ma

Kenya, Ethiopia, Malawi, many sites

37
Q

Boisei environment

A

Mixed lake margin, river margin forests and open plains

38
Q

Describe robustus and boisei cranium

A
  • orthognathic
  • broad faces
  • facial pillars
  • flexed cranial bases
  • small front teeth
  • larger brains (ca 550-600cc)
  • massive chewing muscles
  • large premolars (look like molars)
  • large molars
  • flat canines
  • Massive mandibles with tall rami
39
Q

Describe the jaws of boisei and robustus

A
  • massive mandibles
  • huge premolars
  • tiny front teeth
  • canine much smaller than p3
40
Q

What did Australopithecines do (diet/ecology/social)

A

-Diet: omnivores, extract challenges resources (digging and cracking), Paranthropus possible folivorous
-Ecology: forest mosaic, sometimes more open, specialized generalists
-Social: dimorphism in body size, reduced canine dimorphism, unlike modern primates
(female selection for larger males)

41
Q

Describe evidence for Australopithecus tool use

A
  • meat-marrow exploitation
  • purposeful cut marks
  • marrow extraction
42
Q

Overall trend in crania

A

Small brain and bigger faces —->big brain and small face

43
Q

Time range of Homo rudolfensis

A

2.5-1.8 Ma

44
Q

Time scale of Homo habilis

A

2.8-1.5 Ma

45
Q

Where were early Homo found?

A
  • East African Rift Valley
  • southeastern Europe (Georgia) and Indonesia
  • weirdly dispersed unlike Australopithecus
46
Q

Early evolution of genus Homo

A
  • occupation sites
    • tools
    • organization
  • movement/transport
    • distribution range and habitat movement
  • hunting/scavenging
    • no projectiles
47
Q

What are the benefits of increased brain size in Homo?

A
  • stone tools
    • cut-marked bones
  • higher quality, broader diet, protein/fat rich
  • better ability to survive shortages
48
Q

Which Homo has larger body size and what are they comparable to?

A
  • H. Rudolfensis has a larger body size
    • about the size of the smallest modern humans
  • H.habilis is Australopithecus-like in size
49
Q

When and where was early Homo?

Name the sites

A
  1. 8-1.5 Ma
    - east Africa
    • koobi fora (east turkana), Kenya
    • olduvai gorge, Tanzania
    • Hadar. Ethiopia
    • Ledi-Gerard, Ethiopia
      - South Africa (sterkfontein West)
      - Malawi
50
Q

Early Homo environment

A

River margin settings

  • larger ranges
    • flood plaines
  • more ecological diversity
    • diff microclimates
  • more open country
    • less dependent on trees
51
Q

What is Kenyanthropus

A
  • from Lomekwi
  • 3.3 Ma
  • possible cracked Australopithecine
  • shares cranial similarities with H.rudolfensis
    • broad zygoma
    • brain case smaller tho
    • more slope in temporal bones
52
Q

Describe the Homo habilis and it’s mandible

A
  • 2.8 Ma
  • Lexi-Geraru, Afar, Ethiopia
  • wooded grasslands
  • robust and deep mandible
  • small premolars (getting smaller)
  • Small canines
  • long molars
53
Q

Is habilis prognathic or orthognathic? Less that what

A

Orthognathic compared to A. afarensis

54
Q

Describe cranium of habilis

A
  • facial reduction
  • brain size increase (close to 600cc)
  • smaller temporal fossa
    • thus smaller temporalis muscles
  • less post orbital constriction
  • large brain in frontal region
  • greatly reduced mastoid process
  • expanded parietals and occipital
55
Q

Describe post crania of habilis

A
  • long arms
  • short legs
  • Australopithecine-like
56
Q

Compare habilis to Australopithecus (skull)

A
  • cranial vault changes
    • larger reorganized brain
    • complex behaviours (tools)
  • smaller jaws and teeth
    • less molarized premolars
    • more proportionate front and back teeth
    • stone tool use
    • food preparation
57
Q

Where and when was the earliest Homo rudolfensis located

A
  • Uraha, Malawi

- 2.5Ma

58
Q

Describe rudolfensis jaws

A
  • robust jaws and large teeth but less so than Australopiths
    • slightly bigger than habilis
  • long molars
  • small premolars
  • deep mandibles
  • proportionate anterior teeth
59
Q

Describe rudolfensis cranium

A
  • tall frontal bone
  • overall bigger than habilis but very similar proportions and level of orthognathism
  • large face (wide)
  • large brain (720/750cc)
  • larger brain case bones to adjust
  • bigger bodies
60
Q

Early Homo comparison

A

habilis:
- small face (larger than Australopithecus)
- Orthognathic
- small teeth
- small brains (530-650cc)
- Australopithecine-like in skeleton

rudolfensis:

  • broad, flat, orthognathic face
  • large overall
  • larger brains (720cc) (relatively the same as habilis)
  • more modern skeleton
61
Q

What are the different sections of the brain? (2) then (5)

A

Cerebrum and cerebellum

  • frontal
  • parietal
  • temporal
  • occipital
62
Q

Give the brain sizes of Australopithecus, early Homo, H. Erectus and pan

A 
450
600
900
320
-sapien is 1200cc
63
Q

What are the attributes of the unman brain

A
  • huge proportionate to its body mass
  • complex
    • highly convoluted cortex-more surface area comp vol
  • highly interconnected
    • grey matter (100 billion neurons)
    • white matter (10-15 trillion axons)
  • lateralization and specialization
    • left Sid elf cerebellum controls right side of the body
    • specialized higher function also lateralized
      • language, music, geometry, math
64
Q

Name the parts of the brain responsible for language (4)

A
  • Wernicke’s area: cognitive, meaning
  • Broca’s area: vocal cords, physical aspect
  • somatosensory cortex: sensory information
  • motor cortex: moving and manipulation
65
Q

What is produced as a result of human experiences and learning

A

Axons

66
Q

How do we know early Homo had foresight

A

The flake and hammer production

-lomekwi, Kenya 3.3Ma

67
Q

Uses for tools

A
  • meat-marrow exploitation

- hunting or scavenging

Human Evolution (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions