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PSY 366 > TEST 2 > Flashcards

TEST 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What percent of adult population suffer form one or more anxiety disorders?

A

18%

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2
Q

how many adults with anxiety receive treatment?

A

37%

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3
Q

Checklist for free floating anxiety

A
  1. more than 6 months
  2. symptoms include edginess, fatigue, poor concentration, irritability, muscle tension, sleep problems
  3. significant distress
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4
Q

Where is anxiety most common?

A

western countries

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5
Q

What is anxiety

A

complex pattern of 4 types of reactions to a perceived threat

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6
Q

somatic (anxiety reaction)

A

increase in heart rate and respiration, muscle tension, shaking, and dry mouth

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7
Q

cognitive (anxiety reaction)

A

anticipation of harm, rumination, sense of unreality, problem concentrating

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8
Q

emotional (anxiety reaction)

A

fear, terror, irritability, restlessness, dread

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9
Q

behavioral (anxiety reaction)

A

escape, avoidance, hyper-vigilance, freezing

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10
Q

Is anxiety for GAD free-floating or specific

A

free floating

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11
Q

what is the lifetime prevalence for GAD

A

3% MEN, 5%WOMEN

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12
Q

What is the course onset for GAD

A

Childhood/ adolescence (chronic)

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13
Q

What is the comorbidity for GAD

A

50% another anxiety disorder, 70% mood disorder, 33% substance use

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14
Q

How long do phobias last?

A

more than 6 months

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15
Q

Most typical phobias

A

environment, animals, situations, blood, injections, injuries

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16
Q

What are phobias lifetime prevalence?

A

13%

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17
Q

What is the course onset of phobias?

A

childhood, stable and persistent

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18
Q

Comorbidity for phobias

A

other anxiety disorders, major depression, oppositional defiant disorder, most likely to have only anxiety phobia, no other disorder

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19
Q

How many don’t seek treatment with phobias

A

90%

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20
Q

What is SAD lifetime prevalence?

A

12% in US, 3% internationally, numbers have changed since COVID

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21
Q

SAD course onset

A

usually in adolescence, early preschool

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22
Q

SAD prevalence

A

increase with age (relatively stable)

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23
Q

SAD comorbidity

A

another anxiety disorder, depression, avoidant personality, substance use

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24
Q

What are some symptoms of panic attack disorder

A

heart palpitations, shaking, chest pain, nausea, dizziness, chills, hot flashes, losing control, chocking, sweating, paresthesia (pins and needles)

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25
Q

What are two requirements for Agoraphobia

A

they are unable to go to 2 or more place, for more than 6 months

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26
Q

what percentage of adults have panic attacks

A

28%

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27
Q

What is the lifetime prevalence of panic attacks

A

3-5%, more common in women

1/2-1/3 of those have agoraphobia

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28
Q

Panic attack course onset

A

late adolescences, early adulthood, chronic

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29
Q

Comorbidity of Panic attack

A

GAD, depression, alcohol abuse, increased risk of suicide attempts

30
Q

PTSD Prevalence

A

lifetime 8.3%, past 12 months of T 4.7%

31
Q

PTSD course onset

A

average age 25 yrs, about 50% chronic

32
Q

PTSD comorbidity

A

very common to have more than one disorder; depression, substance use, anxiety disorder, traumatic brain injury (TBI)

33
Q

OCD prevalence

A

lifetime 1-3%

34
Q

OCD course onset

A

age onset 6-15 yrs for males, 20-29 yrs for females, chronic

35
Q

OCD comorbidity

A

60-80% cases occur with at least one other disorder, 50% multiple disorders, 66% with depression

36
Q

Biological Theories for disorders

A

genetic, neurotransmitters, brain circuits

37
Q

Biological theory: genetic

A

higher concordance rate in monozygotic twins than dizygotic twins

38
Q

Biological theory: neurotransmitters

A

dysregulation of GABA, norepinephrine, serotonin, glutamate, and CCK implicated

39
Q

Brain circuit dysregulation: panic circuit

A

amygdala, hippocampus, ventromedical, nucleus of hypothalamus, locus cocruleus

40
Q

Brain circuit dysregulation: OCD

A

Cortico-striato-thamamo- corticol circuit (hyperactive)

41
Q

Brain circuit dysregulation: PTSD

A

HPA axis, amygdala, anterior cingulate cortex insula hypothamalus (stress circuit) both are overactive

42
Q

Learning Theories for anxiety disorders

A

classical conditioning, operant conditioning; fear response positively reinforced, observational learning

43
Q

Cognitive theory Anxiety

A

interceptive awareness, anxiety sensitivity, cognitive distortions, tendency towards maladaptive assumptions, difficulty turning off thoughts

44
Q

interceptive awareness

A

increased attention to body sensations

45
Q

anxiety sensitivity

A

belief that body symptoms have harmful consequences

46
Q

cognitive distortions

A

catastrophizing, control fallacies, polarizing

47
Q

maladaptive assumptions

A

expecting the worst

48
Q

4 primary problems for treating anxiety

A
  • excessive escape and avoidance behavior
  • emergency physiological reactions to perceived threats
  • sense of lack of control
  • distorted information processing
49
Q

Behavioral Tx for AD

A
  • systematic desensitization
  • modeling
  • exposure and response prevention
  • flooding
50
Q

Cognitive Behavioral therapy for anxiety

A
  • focus on decreasing negative thoughts, increase problem solving, address though process and behavioral experiences, F.E.A.R.
51
Q

FEAR CBT

A

F (Feelings), E(experiences), A (attitudes and actions), R(results and rewards)

52
Q

latrogenic

A

do more harm than good

53
Q

synergetic

A

drugs from the same class, increased effects

54
Q

antagonistic

A

use drugs to counteract effects of others drugs

55
Q

What is Substance Intoxication Disorder

A

experience of significant maladaptive behavioral and psychological symptoms due to the effect of a substance on the central nervous system

56
Q

What is Substance Withdrawal Disorder

A

experience of clinically significant distress in social, occupational, or other areas of functioning due to the reduction of substance

57
Q

What is Substance Use Disorder

A

problematic pattern of substance use that leads to clinically significant impairment or distress , m manifest by two or more criteria: (within 12 months) impaired control, social impairment, risky use, pharmacological criteria

58
Q

What is impaired control

A
  1. taking it more often in larger amounts or overlong periods than intended
  2. craving
  3. persistent desire for drug, unsuccessful efforts to cut down or control use
  4. lots of time spent on activities necessary to obtain, use, or recover from substance effects
59
Q

What is social impairment

A
  1. recurrent substance use results in a failure to fulfill major role obligations at work, school, home
    6 continued substance use despite having social or interpersonal problems caused the effects substance use
  2. important social, occupational, recreational activities are given up Or reduced by substance use
60
Q

What. is risky use

A
  1. recurrent substance in situations in which its physically hazardous
  2. substance use is continued despite knowledge of a physical or psychological problem
61
Q

What is pharmacological criteria

A
  1. tolerance

11. withdrawal

62
Q

Anhedonia

A

diminish or lost of pleasure in all activities

63
Q

Major Depressive Episode Disorder lifetime prevalence and age onset

A

20 % (PRECOVID, varies internationally) annual prevalence 8%

onset age 19 years

64
Q

Persistent Depressive Disorder

A

one year prevalence (1.5-5%) average age 10-25 yr, course: chronic, fluctuating, comorbidity: 70%

65
Q

Biological Etiological theories for Depression

A
  • genetic factors ( genetic abnormalities, serotonin transporter gene abnormalities)
  • neurotransmitter theories (monoamines, specifically norepinephrine and serotonin)-Dysfunction in synthesis and release and sensitivity of post synaptic neuron
  • Brain circuits( prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, amygdala, subgenus cingulate (Brodmann Area))- problematic interconnectivity between structures and decreased norepinephrine and serotonin
  • Hypothalamus - pituitary- adrenal (HPA)axis: fight and flight response (early or chronic stress, impacts HPA (overactive) which impacts monoamine system)
66
Q

Psychological Etiological theories for Depression

A
  • behavioral (decreased rewards (particularly social) from stress- creates self perpetuating cycle
  • cognitive: negative views of self, world and future, (distorted thinking)
  • attribution: Helplessness theory- causual attributions for negative thoughts
  • –Internal vs. External
  • —Stable vs. Unstable
  • – Global vs. specific

–> depression: internal, stable, global

67
Q

Interpersonal Etiological theories for Depression

A
  • may have chronic conflict with family, friends and coworkers
  • reaction sensitive and excessive reassurance seeking
  • may select a less supportive circle
68
Q

biological Etiological theories for SUD

A
  • brain and pleasure pathway - ventral segmental–> nucleus accumbens–> frontal cortex (dopamine is major neurotransmitter, drugs flood the circuits with dopamine–> Euphoric effect, brain is wired to repeat behavior)
69
Q

psychological Etiological theories for SUD

A
  • behavioral: classical conditioning and operant conditioning, observational learning
  • cognitive: positive expectations about using, lack of coping skills, use when upset
  • personality: impulsion, sensation seeking, anti social personality
70
Q

Tx SUD

A

detoxification

behavioral treatments (avoidance of stimuli, skills training, averse conditioning, contingency management)

cognitive treatments: address faculty expectations and beliefs

Biological: benzodiazepines, SSR/SNRI (depressants) and antagonists, methadone, Suboxone maintenance program

PSY 366 (2 decks)

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