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GU > Test 2 #1 > Flashcards

Test 2 #1 Flashcards

1
Q

prostate cancer origins

A

70%-peripheral zone
15-20% Central zone
10-15% transitional zone

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2
Q

AIPC

A

Androgen independent prostate cancer

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3
Q

ADPC

A

Androgen dependent prostate cancer

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4
Q

prostate secretions are ____% of semen volume

A

30%

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5
Q

__% of prostate cancer cases are in men over __

A

90%,65

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6
Q

DRE by urologist has a ___% positive predictive value

A

39%

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7
Q

everyman should have his prostate examined DRE and PSA ___ times a year after the age of ___

A

1x

50 y/o

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8
Q

signs of Prostatitis

A

Fever, Chills, Malaise, Urinary frequency and urgency, dysuria, urethral discharge, dull, aching pain in perineal and rectal area

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9
Q

O of prostatitis

A

tender enlargment is acute inflammation of the prostate gland yielding a swollen asymmetric gland that is tender to palpate. Chronic inflammation

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10
Q

Signs of BPH

A

Urinary frequency, urgency, hesitancy, straining ot urinate, weak stream, intermittent stream, sensation of incomplete emptying, nocturia

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11
Q

O of BPH

A

symmetric nontender enlargement, commonly occurs in middle years. median sulcus obliterated

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12
Q

Signs of Carcinoma

A

Frequency, nocturia, weak stream, hesitancy, pain or burning on urination, continuous LBP pelvis, thighs

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13
Q

O of Carcinoma

A

malignant neoplasm often starts as a singer hard nodule on the posterior surface, producing asymmetry and change in consistency. Entire gland feels stone hard and fixed.

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14
Q

BPH often begins in the ____ zone

A

transition:often strangles urethra

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15
Q

Prostate cancer often begins in the _____ zone and grows outward

A

peripheral

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16
Q

When PSA is greater than ___ng/cu.mm then__% of prostate biopsies reveal prostate cancer

A

10

66%

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17
Q

PSA is between ___ and ___ ng/cu.mm then ___ of prostate biopsies reveal cancer

A

4-10

22%

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18
Q

Free PSA increases more in ____

A

BPH

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19
Q

Protein bound PSA increases more in _____

A

prostate cancer

20
Q

PSA ____ useful than just the PSA test

A

density

21
Q

PSA density=

A

serum PSA lvl divided prostate volume

22
Q

Prostate volume is determined by

A

transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS)

23
Q

25-46% of men with BPH have elevated _____

A

serum PSA

24
Q

surgical process to enlarge urethra in BPH

A

Transurethral resection TURP

25
Q

Surgical procedure to enlarge BPH

A

TUIP- Transurethral incision

26
Q

another possible test (enzyme) for prostate cancer

A

Prostate Acid Phosphatase

27
Q

technique of freezing prostate sections as a therapy

A

Cryoablation

28
Q

lowest PSA level achieved after cancer prostate treatment

A

Nadir

29
Q

__ ng/ml is usually maximum PSA reading to be declared cancer free after cancer treatment

A

2

30
Q

Clinically significant increase in PSA w/ in a year

A

.75 ng/ml this is with a PSA velocity test and is more useful than PSA test

31
Q

PSA velocity test is recommended every

A

18 mo

some say every 3 years

32
Q

radiotherapy treatment with ionizing radiation whose source is applied to the surface of the body or located a short distance from the body area being treated

A

brachytherapy

33
Q

3 main stages of cancer development

A

initiation
promotion
proliferation

34
Q

3 main stages of cancer development: initiation

A

DNA damage via ionizing radiation, viruses such as HPV, environmental carcinogens, artificial hormones, tobacco,free radicals etc

35
Q

3 main stages of cancer development: Promotion

A

elevated IGF-1 levels, high consumption of animal fats, dietary deficiencies of protective factors such as vitamins C,D,E, essential fatty acids etc

36
Q

3 main stages of cancer development: Proliferation

A

prolonged exposure to DHT, various estrogens, agent orange, obesity, high insulin resistance

37
Q

5 alpha reductase does what?

A

converts TEST to DHT

38
Q

test + 2 H atoms

A

DHT

39
Q

average prostate cancer tumor doubles every

A

2-5 years

40
Q

prostate cancer is known to spread to the ___ and ___

A

bones and lowerspine

41
Q

causes of prostates

A

ascending from urethra

direct lymphatic spread from rectum

hematogenous spread

42
Q

DRE prostatitis

A

Warm, boggy, tender palpation

43
Q

urethra ends in an opening in the upper aspect (dorsum) of penis

A

epispadia

44
Q

Penis does not return to flaccid state: can become a medical emergency

A

priapism

45
Q

downward/ventral curve of the penis often associated with hypstadia/fibrosis, can be caused by urethral infection

A

chordee

46
Q

Peyronie’s disease

A

upward/dorsal curvature of the penis fibrosing of connective tissue above the corpus cavarnosum on dorsal aspect of the penis associated with dupuytren’s contracture

47
Q

foreskin cannot be fully retracted

A

phimosis

GU (1 decks)

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