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Individual Differences > Test 1A > Flashcards

Test 1A Flashcards

1
Q

Differential Psychology

A
  1. Field of study concerned with individual differences is called differential psychology
  2. Basic human nature
  3. How do human beings differ from one another
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2
Q

4 Areas of Individual Differences

A
  1. Personality
  2. Abilities
  3. Interests
  4. Sex, religion, politics, drugs, and philosophical issues like the meaning of life
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3
Q

Mean

A

Or expectation (“average”) tells us something about the typical examinee

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4
Q

Variance

A

Variance is the average squared deviation from the mean

- How far someone is likely to be from average

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5
Q

What does it mean to standardize a trait

A

Divide it by the mean

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6
Q

After standardization what percentage of the population will lie between -1 and +1

A

68%

- 34% in positive, 34% in negative

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7
Q

After standardization what percentage of the population will lie between -2 and +2

A

95%

- 13.5% in positive, 13.5% in negative plus the space in between 68%

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8
Q

After standardization what percentage of the population will lie between -3 and +3

A

99%

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9
Q

Internal-Consistency Reliability

A

Instrument composed of several parts is defined to be the fraction of its variance attributable to its common factor

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10
Q

Inter-Rater Reliability

A

When the indicators are rating by different judges

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11
Q

Test-retest reliability

A

A measure of stability.

- It is an appropriate measure of reliability, however, if the target of measurement is supposed to be stable

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12
Q

Criterion validity

A

The test correlated with other variables in the way that is should be if it is measuring the real trait well

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13
Q

T or F: Internal-consistency reliability, test-retest reliability, and content validity are all aspects of construct validity

A

True

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14
Q

Content Validity

A

The extent to which a measure represents all facets of a given construct.

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15
Q

T or F: Correlation quantifies the strength of relationship between different measures showing individual differences

A

True

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16
Q

The greatest challenge to casual inference is accounting for ______

A

Confounders

17
Q

Gold Standards for casual inference

A
  1. May not always be feasible
  2. May not always be ethical
  3. Sample may not be representative, limiting generalizability
18
Q

T or F: Within-family designs that account for some unmeasured confounders

A

True

19
Q

Confounder

A

A variable that contributes to the correlation between two variables because it is a cause of both

20
Q

What steps can be taken to deal with confounders?

A
  • You have to know all possible confounders

- You have to accurately measure those confounders

21
Q

Lexical Hypothesis

A

Proposes the personality traits and differences that are the most important and relevant to people eventually become a part of their language.

22
Q

Lexical Hypothesis of Personality

A
  • Some differential psychologists consider intelligence to be an aspect of personality
  • Nevertheless nearly all differential psychologists make an important
23
Q

Big Five Factors

A
  1. Extraversion
  2. Conscientiousness
  3. Agreeableness
  4. Intellect/Openness
  5. Emotional Stability/ Neuroticism
24
Q

Facets: Extraversion

A

Talkative, sociable, assertive, enthusiastic, verbal vs. withdrawn, silent, shy, reserved, inhibited

25
Q

Facets: Conscientiousness

A

Organized, systematic, efficient, thorough, practical vs careless, sloppy, haphazard, disorderly

26
Q

Facets: Agreeableness

A

Sympathetic, kind, warm, cooperative, sincere vs cold, harsh, rude, rough, antagonistic, callous

27
Q

Facets: Intellect/Openness

A

Complex, philosophical, innovative, unconventional vs simple, uninquisitive, unintelligent, shallow

28
Q

Facets: Emotional Stability/Neuroticism

A

Relaxed, self-assured, easy-going, unexcitable vs moody, jealous, possessive, anxious, high-strung

29
Q

Hexaco

A 
Honesty-Humility (H)
Emotionality (E)
Extraversion (X)
Agreeableness (A)
Conscientiousness (C)
Openness to Experience (O)
30
Q

Facets: Honesty

A

Honesty: sincere, loyal, humble, fair-minded vs sly, deceitful, greedy, pretentious, boastful, hypocritical

31
Q

What was found in the study that tried to predict Big Five personality traits from Facebook Likes?

A

This study looked at correlations between Likes and personality traits and used them to predict trait levels in a new sample of Facebook users.

  • People with high Openness tend to like the painter Salvador Dalí, meditation, and TED talks.
  • People with high Extraversion tend to like partying, dancing, and the reality-TV star Snooki.

Individual Differences (9 decks)

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