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Cell Biology + physiology > Test 19/9 Cell Biology > Flashcards

Test 19/9 Cell Biology Flashcards

1
Q

Info about cells, movments + functions

A

Mycoplasma = smallest cell

Different movements = amoeboid, ciliary, flagella etc

Functions = Ability to respond to changes, grow and develop, reproduce, have metabolism, maintain homeostatis

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2
Q

How do cells work?

A

Cell membrane separates the inside of the cell from the outside

Genetic material pass traits to the cells offspring

Reproduce thru cells DNA, creates metabolic and reproductive functions

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3
Q

What can the cells functions be

A

Include photosynthesis
locomotion
copying its own DNA
Let certain substances pass thru the cell membrane

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4
Q

What is protein made of

A

Amino acids

Comes in diffrent sizes, shapes and properties - polarity, ion charge and hydrophobicity

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5
Q

What functions can amino acids do

A

When they are out toughter - the cells can do almost any function

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6
Q

What gives the Prokaryotic cells shape

A

The cell wall in bacteria
algae
fungi
plant cells

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7
Q

What gives the Eukaryotic cells shape?

A

The shape of the cell depends on its function

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8
Q

Do Prokaryotic cells have nucleus?

A

No, insteed they have single chromosome

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9
Q

What are Prokaryotic cells

A

Unicellular organisms
Lack organelles or internal membrane bound structures
Circular, doubel stranded DNA
Have cell wall outside the plasma membrane

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10
Q

Nucleoid, meaning

A

60% DNA, small amount of RNA + proteins
Have the Prokaryotic cells genetic material
Transkription + replication of DNA takes place

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11
Q

Plasmids, meaning

A

Carries genetic information
Capeble of replication, can transfer from cell- to cell
Extrachromosomal
Double teamed, circular DNA molecules
Replicate independiataly

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12
Q

Transmissible plasmid

A

Transfer from cell to cell by conjugation

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13
Q

Nontransmissible plasmid

A

Do not contain the transfer gene

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14
Q

Eukaryotic cells

A

Complex cells, single cell
Genetic information- chromosomes in the cells nucleus
Cell membrane nucleus
(Animal, protist & fungal cell)

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15
Q

Nucleus

A

Double membrane
Nucleoplasm
Chromatin
Nucleus
Stores DNA
Cordinates cells activity
Cell division

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16
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum

A

Forms interconnected network of membrane enclosed sacs (cisternea)

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17
Q

Endoplasmic rough

A

Manufacture proteins, enzymes, transport protein to the Golgi apparatus

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18
Q

Endoplasmic smooth

A

Synthesis of lipids, phospholipids, steriods

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19
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

Modify, package the macromolecules that synthesised by the cells for secretion purpose in the cell

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20
Q

Mitochondria

A

Generation of metabolic energy in Eukaryotic cells

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21
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Interlinking filaments, tubules thru the cytoplasm from the nucleus to the plasma membrane

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22
Q

Chromosomes

A

Thread like structures in which DNA is packaged within the nucleus. DNA is collided around histones (structure support) And help during cell division

Each have a centeromere

Have an:
Nucleus, centromere, chromatin, nucleosomes, histones, basse pairs, double stranded DNA

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23
Q

Telomere

A

Critical role of preserving the genomic sequence

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24
Q

Eukaryotic cells three components

A

Cell membrane
Cytoplasma (around the nucleus)
Membrane limited nucleus contain DNA

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25
Membrane limited nucleus
Carries the genetic code for protein synthesis and for cell activites. Determine parts of the genetic code for delivering info til the cytoplasm
26
Lipids in cell membrane
Include: phospholipids sphingolipids Cholesterole
27
Membrane phospholipids
Arranged in bilayers, tails directed toward one another at the center of the membrane
28
Two groupes of protein
1. Integral protein = folded with hydrophilic amino acids, in contact with the membrane phospholipids 2. Transmembrane proteins = penetrate the entire membrane and protrude from both sides
29
Pernipheral membrane proteins
Associated with inner or outer membrane surface and are realesed in salt solutions
30
Membrane assymetry
Differensens in chemical compositions between the bilayers inner or outer halves
31
Integral proteins
May diffuse to and accumulate in one membrane region
32
Oligosaccharies
Occur only on the plasma membrames outer surface
33
Phospholipid
Occure on the outer half Has more p+s (inner half) Has more p+p (outer half)
34
Membrane four functions
1. Selective permeability = function of steady state, homeostasis, required for cell survival 2. Signal transduction = integral membrane receptor proteins with strong bindning affinites for signal molecules. Found in cell surface 3. Endocytosis = cells engulf extracellular substances and bring cytoplasm in membrane limitade vesicles by this mechanism 4. Exocytosis = ejects substances from the cell. Use this both for secretion and for exretion of undigested material
35
Homeostasis
Attribute to cell membrane maintain optional intracellular concentrations of water, ions and enzymes
36
Selective permability stages
1. Passive diffusion = some water/lipids can cross the membrane in both directions (wihtout cell expending energy) 2. Facilitated diffusion = some molecules are helped across the membrane by membrane component. Unidirectional, no energy 3. Active transport = Exit or enter a cell against a gradient. Need energy. (ATP) concentrasion is higher outside.
37
Signal transduction stages
1. Ligand-gated 2. Enzyme linked receptors 3. G-protein couple receptors 4. Steroid hormone
38
Endocytosis stages
1. Phagocysts (cell eating) = can eat entire bacteria or macromolecules 2. Pinocytosis (cell drinking) = can drink small amounts of fluid 3. Receptor mediated endocysts = binding of ligand to receptor that makes a Clarthrin coat s31
39
Types of cell transport
Compartmentalization Spatinal temporal organisation of metabolic process Storage, transport and secretion
40
Cytoplasm
Is in all material within a cell, enclosed by cell membrane Main components: Cytosol Organells Cells internal sub structure Cytoplasmic inclusions
41
Cytosol
Component of the cytoplasm Cell membrane Organells In prokaryotic cells, the cytoplasm and Cytosol are the same Dont have! Mitochondria, choroplast, vacuoled
42
Parts of the cytoskeletal filaments
Actin filaments = globular protein, component of the muskel cell Microtubules = play a role in cell structure, mitosis o movment Intermediate filaments = strukturalistisk protein in Eukaryotic cells
43
Historical overview of cell biology
Basic Unit of life Cell biology encompasses both Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells Can be dividend in many sub-topics
44
Theory of cell
All know living things are made up by cells Structural o funktional Unit of all living things All cells come from per-existens cells by division
45
Cell communication
Composed by different types of cells Communicate by physiological signals among cells
46
Synaps
An small gap/junction between two neurons and a tissue cell
47
Signal molecules
Most are water soluble, too large to pass thru the plasma membrane. It can only bind to one signal molecule at a time Receptors for chemical messengers are proteins
48
Three signal pathways
1. Receptor = Of extra signal cell. Chemical signals form paracrine, outocrine and hormoner that released from cells inte extracellular components. The signal recognize the torget cell sur to specific receptors. Occurs at a specific region = binding site. Ligands = binds to first Messenger -> produces an effect-> agonist or atagonsit. 2. Intracellular signal transduction = Of signal outside of cell to inside of cell. Receptors for lipid soluble hormoner located in Cytosol or nucleus Membrane receptors G-protein 3. Cellular response = is initiated or occurs within the reciving cell
49
G-protein
Important during embryonic development and sensory system
50
Cellular response
More than one response can result from the reseptor of a singel ligand
51
Physological signals
Electrical signals = changes in a cells membrane potential Chemical signals = moleucles secreted inte the extracellular fluid by the cells. Responseble for most communication between cells Traget cells = recive electical or chemical signals Chemical signals = distributes by diffusion, reach target cells by diffusing by interstinal fluid.
52
Autocrine
A singel molecule acts on the cell secreting it
53
Paracrine
Chemical that is secreted by a cell to act on cells immidiate vicinity
54
Cell to cell comuntication
Direct cytoplasmic transfer Local communication Long distansen communication
55
Direct cytoplasmic transfer
Of electrical signals thru gap junction that connect adjacent cells
56
Local communication
Chemicals diffuse thru the extracellular fluid
57
Long distance communication
Combination of electrical signals carried by nerve cells and chemical signals transporter in the blod
58
Membrane - Resting potential
Cells of the body have an electrical charge that can be measured across thier other cell membrane
59
Action membrane potential
When the membrane potential of a nerve or muscle is reduced sufficiently a fhurter and drastic change in the membrane potential
60
Ion channels
Sodium = Na+ Potassium = K+ Chloride = CI-

Cell Biology + physiology (1 decks)

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