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Cell Biology + physiology > Test 19/9 Cell Biology > Flashcards

Test 19/9 Cell Biology Flashcards

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1
Q

Info about cells, movments + functions

A

Mycoplasma = smallest cell

Different movements = amoeboid, ciliary, flagella etc

Functions = Ability to respond to changes, grow and develop, reproduce, have metabolism, maintain homeostatis

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2
Q

How do cells work?

A

Cell membrane separates the inside of the cell from the outside

Genetic material pass traits to the cells offspring

Reproduce thru cells DNA, creates metabolic and reproductive functions

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3
Q

What can the cells functions be

A

Include photosynthesis
locomotion
copying its own DNA
Let certain substances pass thru the cell membrane

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4
Q

What is protein made of

A

Amino acids

Comes in diffrent sizes, shapes and properties - polarity, ion charge and hydrophobicity

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5
Q

What functions can amino acids do

A

When they are out toughter - the cells can do almost any function

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6
Q

What gives the Prokaryotic cells shape

A

The cell wall in bacteria
algae
fungi
plant cells

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7
Q

What gives the Eukaryotic cells shape?

A

The shape of the cell depends on its function

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8
Q

Do Prokaryotic cells have nucleus?

A

No, insteed they have single chromosome

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9
Q

What are Prokaryotic cells

A

Unicellular organisms
Lack organelles or internal membrane bound structures
Circular, doubel stranded DNA
Have cell wall outside the plasma membrane

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10
Q

Nucleoid, meaning

A

60% DNA, small amount of RNA + proteins
Have the Prokaryotic cells genetic material
Transkription + replication of DNA takes place

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11
Q

Plasmids, meaning

A

Carries genetic information
Capeble of replication, can transfer from cell- to cell
Extrachromosomal
Double teamed, circular DNA molecules
Replicate independiataly

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12
Q

Transmissible plasmid

A

Transfer from cell to cell by conjugation

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13
Q

Nontransmissible plasmid

A

Do not contain the transfer gene

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14
Q

Eukaryotic cells

A

Complex cells, single cell
Genetic information- chromosomes in the cells nucleus
Cell membrane nucleus
(Animal, protist & fungal cell)

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15
Q

Nucleus

A

Double membrane
Nucleoplasm
Chromatin
Nucleus
Stores DNA
Cordinates cells activity
Cell division

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16
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum

A

Forms interconnected network of membrane enclosed sacs (cisternea)

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17
Q

Endoplasmic rough

A

Manufacture proteins, enzymes, transport protein to the Golgi apparatus

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18
Q

Endoplasmic smooth

A

Synthesis of lipids, phospholipids, steriods

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19
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

Modify, package the macromolecules that synthesised by the cells for secretion purpose in the cell

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20
Q

Mitochondria

A

Generation of metabolic energy in Eukaryotic cells

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21
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Interlinking filaments, tubules thru the cytoplasm from the nucleus to the plasma membrane

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22
Q

Chromosomes

A

Thread like structures in which DNA is packaged within the nucleus. DNA is collided around histones (structure support) And help during cell division

Each have a centeromere

Have an:
Nucleus, centromere, chromatin, nucleosomes, histones, basse pairs, double stranded DNA

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23
Q

Telomere

A

Critical role of preserving the genomic sequence

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24
Q

Eukaryotic cells three components

A

Cell membrane
Cytoplasma (around the nucleus)
Membrane limited nucleus contain DNA

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25
Q

Membrane limited nucleus

A

Carries the genetic code for protein synthesis and for cell activites. Determine parts of the genetic code for delivering info til the cytoplasm

26
Q

Lipids in cell membrane

A

Include:
phospholipids
sphingolipids
Cholesterole

27
Q

Membrane phospholipids

A

Arranged in bilayers, tails directed toward one another at the center of the membrane

28
Q

Two groupes of protein

A
  1. Integral protein = folded with hydrophilic amino acids, in contact with the membrane phospholipids
  2. Transmembrane proteins = penetrate the entire membrane and protrude from both sides
29
Q

Pernipheral membrane proteins

A

Associated with inner or outer membrane surface and are realesed in salt solutions

30
Q

Membrane assymetry

A

Differensens in chemical compositions between the bilayers inner or outer halves

31
Q

Integral proteins

A

May diffuse to and accumulate in one membrane region

32
Q

Oligosaccharies

A

Occur only on the plasma membrames outer surface

33
Q

Phospholipid

A

Occure on the outer half
Has more p+s (inner half)
Has more p+p (outer half)

34
Q

Membrane four functions

A
  1. Selective permeability = function of steady state, homeostasis, required for cell survival
  2. Signal transduction = integral membrane receptor proteins with strong bindning affinites for signal molecules. Found in cell surface
  3. Endocytosis = cells engulf extracellular substances and bring cytoplasm in membrane limitade vesicles by this mechanism
  4. Exocytosis = ejects substances from the cell. Use this both for secretion and for exretion of undigested material
35
Q

Homeostasis

A

Attribute to cell membrane maintain optional intracellular concentrations of water, ions and enzymes

36
Q

Selective permability stages

A
  1. Passive diffusion = some water/lipids can cross the membrane in both directions (wihtout cell expending energy)
  2. Facilitated diffusion = some molecules are helped across the membrane by membrane component. Unidirectional, no energy
  3. Active transport = Exit or enter a cell against a gradient. Need energy. (ATP) concentrasion is higher outside.
37
Q

Signal transduction stages

A
  1. Ligand-gated
  2. Enzyme linked receptors
  3. G-protein couple receptors
  4. Steroid hormone
38
Q

Endocytosis stages

A
  1. Phagocysts (cell eating) = can eat entire bacteria or macromolecules
  2. Pinocytosis (cell drinking) = can drink small amounts of fluid
  3. Receptor mediated endocysts = binding of ligand to receptor that makes a Clarthrin coat s31
39
Q

Types of cell transport

A

Compartmentalization
Spatinal temporal organisation of metabolic process
Storage, transport and secretion

40
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Is in all material within a cell, enclosed by cell membrane

Main components:
Cytosol
Organells
Cells internal sub structure
Cytoplasmic inclusions

41
Q

Cytosol

A

Component of the cytoplasm
Cell membrane
Organells
In prokaryotic cells, the cytoplasm and Cytosol are the same

Dont have! Mitochondria, choroplast, vacuoled

42
Q

Parts of the cytoskeletal filaments

A

Actin filaments = globular protein, component of the muskel cell

Microtubules = play a role in cell structure, mitosis o movment

Intermediate filaments = strukturalistisk protein in Eukaryotic cells

43
Q

Historical overview of cell biology

A

Basic Unit of life

Cell biology encompasses both Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells
Can be dividend in many sub-topics

44
Q

Theory of cell

A

All know living things are made up by cells
Structural o funktional Unit of all living things
All cells come from per-existens cells by division

45
Q

Cell communication

A

Composed by different types of cells
Communicate by physiological signals among cells

46
Q

Synaps

A

An small gap/junction between two neurons and a tissue cell

47
Q

Signal molecules

A

Most are water soluble, too large to pass thru the plasma membrane.
It can only bind to one signal molecule at a time

Receptors for chemical messengers are proteins

48
Q

Three signal pathways

A
  1. Receptor = Of extra signal cell. Chemical signals form paracrine, outocrine and hormoner that released from cells inte extracellular components. The signal recognize the torget cell sur to specific receptors.
    Occurs at a specific region = binding site.
    Ligands = binds to first Messenger -> produces an effect-> agonist or atagonsit.
  2. Intracellular signal transduction = Of signal outside of cell to inside of cell. Receptors for lipid soluble hormoner located in Cytosol or nucleus
    Membrane receptors
    G-protein
  3. Cellular response = is initiated or occurs within the reciving cell
49
Q

G-protein

A

Important during embryonic development and sensory system

50
Q

Cellular response

A

More than one response can result from the reseptor of a singel ligand

51
Q

Physological signals

A

Electrical signals = changes in a cells membrane potential

Chemical signals = moleucles secreted inte the extracellular fluid by the cells. Responseble for most communication between cells

Traget cells = recive electical or chemical signals

Chemical signals = distributes by diffusion, reach target cells by diffusing by interstinal fluid.

52
Q

Autocrine

A

A singel molecule acts on the cell secreting it

53
Q

Paracrine

A

Chemical that is secreted by a cell to act on cells immidiate vicinity

54
Q

Cell to cell comuntication

A

Direct cytoplasmic transfer
Local communication
Long distansen communication

55
Q

Direct cytoplasmic transfer

A

Of electrical signals thru gap junction that connect adjacent cells

56
Q

Local communication

A

Chemicals diffuse thru the extracellular fluid

57
Q

Long distance communication

A

Combination of electrical signals carried by nerve cells and chemical signals transporter in the blod

58
Q

Membrane - Resting potential

A

Cells of the body have an electrical charge that can be measured across thier other cell membrane

59
Q

Action membrane potential

A

When the membrane potential of a nerve or muscle is reduced sufficiently a fhurter and drastic change in the membrane potential

60
Q

Ion channels

A

Sodium = Na+
Potassium = K+
Chloride = CI-

Cell Biology + physiology (1 decks)

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