Test Flashcards
What are the two main classifications of ketones?
Simple (symmetrical) ketones and mixed (unsymmetrical) ketones
Simple ketones have identical alkyl groups, while mixed ketones have different alkyl groups.
What is the general formula for ketones?
R-CO-R’
Where R and R’ are alkyl groups that can be identical or different.
What type of ketone is acetophenone?
Aromatic ketone
Acetophenone has a characteristic smell of pistachio.
What is the smell associated with butyraldehyde?
Buttery odour
Butyraldehyde is used in margarine and food.
What type of ketone is butanone classified as?
Aliphatic ketone
Butanone is also known as methyl ethyl ketone.
True or False: Aromatic ketones contain aryl groups.
True
Aromatic ketones have a carbonyl group attached to an aryl group.
What are mixed or unsymmetrical ketones?
Ketones where the two alkyl groups bonded to carbonyl carbon are different
Examples include certain hormones like progesterone and testosterone.
What is the smell associated with cinnamaldehyde?
Cinnamon flavour
Cinnamaldehyde is responsible for the characteristic scent of cinnamon.
Fill in the blank: Ketones are classified as _______ and aromatic ketones.
Aliphatic
Aliphatic ketones have carbonyl groups attached to two alkyl groups.
What is the characteristic aroma of muscone?
Musky aroma
Muscone is used in perfumes and has a strong musky scent.
What type of ketone is acetone?
Simple (symmetrical) ketone
Acetone is also known as dimethyl ketone.
What is the smell associated with vanillin?
Vanilla flavour
Vanillin is the primary component of the extract of vanilla beans.
What are aldehydes and ketones responsible for?
Many flavours and odours that are readily recognizable
They are key components in food and fragrance industries.
What do simple or symmetrical ketones have in common?
Both alkyl groups bonded to carbonyl carbon are identical
This symmetry distinguishes them from mixed ketones.
What does the oxidation of primary alcohols produce?
Oxidizes primary alcohols to aldehydes.
What is the reaction that reduces acyl chloride to aldehyde?
The reaction is known as Rosenmund reduction.
What are the starting materials for the preparation of aldehydes and ketones?
Aldehydes and ketones can be obtained from acyl chlorides and alcohols.
What is one method of preparing aldehydes from hydrocarbons?
By hydration of alkynes.
What is ozonolysis?
Alkene reacts with ozone to give ozonide which on decomposition with zinc dust gives aldehyde and/or ketones.
What is the role of zinc dust in the ozonolysis process?
Zinc dust decomposes the ozonide to produce aldehydes and/or ketones.
How are ketones named when they are part of a polyfunctional compound?
In polyfunctional compounds, the carbonyl group is named as ‘oxo’, preceded by the locant.
What is the method of preparing aldehydes and ketones by dehydrogenation?
Aldehydes and ketones are prepared by passing vapors of primary and secondary alcohols over hot copper powder.
What is the product formed on Rosenmund reduction of ethanoyl chloride?
The product is propanone (acetone).
What is the product formed on Rosenmund reduction of benzoyl chloride?
The product is acetophenone.
How are aliphatic ketones prepared from acyl chloride?
Aliphatic ketones are obtained by reacting acyl chloride with dialkyl cadmium, which is prepared by treating cadmium chloride with Grignard reagent.
What is the reaction for preparing aliphatic ketones from acyl chloride?
2R- MgX + CdCl2 → R2Cd + 2Mg(X)Cl
R’ - COC1 + R2Cd → R’ - CO - R (Acyl chloride to Ketone)
What is the method to prepare aromatic ketones from acyl chloride?
Aromatic ketones are prepared by Friedel Craft’s acylation reaction.
How are aldehydes prepared from nitriles?
Nitriles are reduced to imine hydrochloride by stannous chloride in the presence of hydrochloric acid, which upon acid hydrolysis gives corresponding aldehydes.
What is the reaction for preparing aldehydes from nitriles?
R-CN + 2H → R-HC=NH.HCl
HO, R-CHO + NHCl (Aldehyde)
What is an alternative method to reduce nitriles to aldehydes?
Nitriles can be reduced by diisobutylaluminium hydride (DIBAL-H) or AlH(-Bu)2 to imines, followed by acid hydrolysis.
How are ketones prepared from nitriles?
Ketones are prepared by reacting nitriles with Grignard reagent in dry ether, followed by acid hydrolysis.
What is the reaction for preparing ketones from nitriles?
R-C=N + R’-MgX → R’-CO-R + NH2 + Mg(X)OH
Example: CH3-C=N + CH3-MgBr → CH3-CO-CH3 (Acetone)
How can aliphatic and aromatic nitrocompounds be reduced to primary amines?
By using an etal-acid mixture (Sn/HCl, Fe/HCl, or Zn/HCl), catalytic hydrogenation (H/Ni, Pt, or Pd), or LiAlH4 in ether.
What is the Mendius reduction?
It is the reduction of alkyl cyanide with sodium and ethanol to obtain primary amines.
What is the reaction for converting alkyl cyanide to primary amine?
R-C≡N + 4[H] → R-CH2-NH2
This can be done using NaCHOH or LiAlH4.
How can primary amines be obtained from amides?
By the reduction of amides using LiAlH4 in ether or NaC2H5OH.
What is the reaction for reducing acetamide to ethylamine?
CH3-C(=O)-NH2 + 4[H] → CH3-CH2-NH2 + H2O
This involves LiAlH4 or NaC2H5OH.
What are the stages of Gabriel phthalimide synthesis?
- Formation of potassium salt of phthalimide from phthalimide and alcoholic potassium hydroxide. 2. Formation of N-alkyl phthalimide from the potassium salt and alkyl halide. 3. Alkaline hydrolysis of N-alkyl phthalimide to form the corresponding primary amine.
