Test

Question 1

Hemoglobin (Hb)

Answer 1

Normal Range: Men: 13.8–17.2 g/dL, Women: 12.1–15.1 g/dL

Associated Conditions: Low: Anemia (iron deficiency, B12/folate deficiency, chronic disease); High: Polycythemia vera, dehydration, COPD.

Question 2

White Blood Cells (WBC)

Answer 2

Normal Range: 4,500–11,000/μL

Associated Conditions: Low (Leukopenia): Viral infections (HIV, hepatitis), chemotherapy, autoimmune disease; High (Leukocytosis): Bacterial infection, leukemia, stress.

Question 3

Platelets

Answer 3

Normal Range: 150,000–450,000/μL

Associated Conditions: Low (Thrombocytopenia): ITP, leukemia, sepsis; High (Thrombocytosis): Iron deficiency, malignancy, inflammation.

Question 4

Sodium (Na⁺)

Answer 4

Normal Range: 135–145 mEq/L

Associated Conditions: Low (Hyponatremia): SIADH, heart failure, diuretics; High (Hypernatremia): Dehydration, diabetes insipidus.

Question 5

Potassium (K⁺)

Answer 5

Normal Range: 3.5–5.0 mEq/L

Associated Conditions: Low (Hypokalemia): Diuretics, vomiting, hyperaldosteronism; High (Hyperkalemia): Kidney failure, ACE inhibitors, hemolysis.

Question 6

Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN)

Answer 6

Normal Range: 7–20 mg/dL

Associated Conditions: High: Dehydration, kidney failure, GI bleeding; Low: Malnutrition, liver disease.

Question 7

Creatinine

Answer 7

Normal Range: Men: 0.7–1.3 mg/dL, Women: 0.6–1.1 mg/dL

Associated Conditions: High: Kidney disease, rhabdomyolysis; Low: Low muscle mass, pregnancy.

Question 8

Fasting Glucose

Answer 8

Normal Range: 70–99 mg/dL

Associated Conditions: High: Diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome; Low: Insulinoma, adrenal insufficiency.

Question 9

Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

Answer 9

Normal Range: 0.4–4.0 mIU/L

Associated Conditions: High: Hypothyroidism (Hashimoto’s); Low: Hyperthyroidism (Graves’ disease).

Question 10

Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c)

Answer 10

Normal Range: <5.7%

Associated Conditions: 5.7–6.4%: Prediabetes; ≥6.5%: Diabetes.

Question 11

Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT)

Answer 11

Normal Range: 7–56 U/L

Associated Conditions: High: Hepatitis, fatty liver disease, drug toxicity.

Question 12

Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST)

Answer 12

Normal Range: 10–40 U/L

Associated Conditions: High: Liver disease, myocardial infarction, muscle injury.

Question 13

Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP)

Answer 13

Normal Range: 44–147 U/L

Associated Conditions: High: Bone disease (Paget’s), biliary obstruction.

Question 14

Bilirubin (Total)

Answer 14

Normal Range: 0.1–1.2 mg/dL

Associated Conditions: High: Jaundice, hemolysis, Gilbert syndrome.

Question 15

C-Reactive Protein (CRP)

Answer 15

Normal Range: <10 mg/L

Associated Conditions: High: Inflammation, infection, cardiovascular risk.