test Flashcards

1
Q

What are enzymes?

A

Biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions in living organisms.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

True or False: Enzymes are consumed in the reactions they catalyze.

A

False

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Fill in the blank: Enzymes are primarily made up of _____.

A

Proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the active site of an enzyme?

A

The region on the enzyme where substrate molecules bind and undergo a chemical reaction.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Which factor does NOT affect enzyme activity?

A

The color of the enzyme

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the role of a substrate in enzyme activity?

A

The substrate is the reactant that an enzyme acts upon.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Multiple Choice: Which of the following is a common enzyme in the human body?

A

Amylase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the significance of the enzyme-substrate complex?

A

It is the intermediate formed when an enzyme binds to its substrate, leading to a chemical reaction.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

True or False: Enzymes can function at a wide range of temperatures.

A

False

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is enzyme specificity?

A

The tendency of an enzyme to catalyze only one specific reaction or type of reaction.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Fill in the blank: Enzymes can be affected by _____, which can lead to denaturation.

A

pH levels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are coenzymes?

A

Organic molecules that assist enzymes in catalyzing reactions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Multiple Choice: Which enzyme breaks down hydrogen peroxide?

A

Catalase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the effect of temperature on enzyme activity?

A

Enzyme activity generally increases with temperature up to a certain point, after which it decreases due to denaturation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

True or False: All enzymes are proteins.

A

False

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is enzyme inhibition?

A

A process in which a molecule reduces or stops the activity of an enzyme.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Fill in the blank: Competitive inhibitors bind to the _____ of an enzyme.

A

Active site

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the difference between competitive and non-competitive inhibition?

A

Competitive inhibition occurs when an inhibitor competes with the substrate for the active site, while non-competitive inhibition occurs when the inhibitor binds elsewhere on the enzyme.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Multiple Choice: Which of the following factors does NOT affect enzyme activity?

A

The color of the substrate

20
Q

What are allosteric sites?

A

Sites on an enzyme where molecules can bind, causing a change in enzyme activity.

21
Q

True or False: Enzymes can be reused multiple times.

22
Q

What is the role of temperature in enzyme denaturation?

A

Excessive heat can disrupt the hydrogen bonds and other interactions that maintain the enzyme’s structure, leading to loss of function.

23
Q

Fill in the blank: The _____ model describes how enzymes and substrates fit together.

A

Induced fit

24
Q

What is the function of ribozymes?

A

They are RNA molecules that can catalyze chemical reactions, similar to enzymes.

25
Q

Multiple Choice: Which of the following is an example of an enzyme?

26
Q

What effect does a high concentration of substrate have on enzyme activity?

A

It can increase the rate of reaction until the enzyme becomes saturated.

27
Q

Hva er arv?

A

Når DNA blir nedarvet fra foreldre (P-generasjon) til avkommet (F-generasjon)

Arv er grunnleggende i genetikk og beskriver hvordan egenskaper overføres fra foreldre til avkom.

28
Q

Definer genetikk.

A

Læren om hvordan egenskaper går i arv

Genetikk studerer også hvordan gener påvirker organismer og deres egenskaper.

29
Q

Hva er et gen?

A

Et område på et kromosom som inneholder informasjon om hvordan et protein skal bygges opp

Gener er grunnleggende enheter for arv og fungerer som instruksjoner for cellene.

30
Q

Hva er kromatin?

A

Sammensetning av DNA og proteiner som pakkes i kjernen

Kromatin dannes når DNA kveiles rundt histoner til nukleosomer.

31
Q

Hva er et kromosom?

A

Et stort DNA-molekyl som inneholder hundrevis eller tusenvis av gener

Kromosomer finnes som lange kromatintråder i cellens syklus, men tar en kort og tykk stavform ved celledeling.

32
Q

Definer homologe kromosomer.

A

Kromosomer som inneholder den samme informasjonen

JENTER: 23 homologe kromosompar; GUTTER: 22 homologe kromosompar + 1 kjønnskromosompar.

33
Q

Hva er søsterkromatider?

A

To identiske DNA-kopier som henger sammen etter replikasjon

Søsterkromatider skiller lag ved celledeling.

34
Q

Hva betyr locus?

A

Selve posisjonen til et gen på et kromosom

Lokus er viktig for å forstå genets plassering og funksjon.

35
Q

Definer allel.

A

Forskjellige utgaver (genvarianter) av samme gen

Alleler kan være dominante eller recessive.

36
Q

Hva er et genpar?

A

Alleler fra hvert sitt homologe kromosom

Genpar er grunnleggende for å forstå arv og genetisk variasjon.

37
Q

Hva er fenotype?

A

Egenskapene/trekkene til en organisme

Fenotype er resultatet av genotype og miljøpåvirkninger.

38
Q

Definer genotype.

A

Oversikt over allelene til en organisme

Genotype forkortes ofte med bokstaver som AA eller Aa.

39
Q

Hva er homozygot?

A

To like alleler i et genpar – AA eller aa

Homozygote individer har ensartede gener for en bestemt egenskap.

40
Q

Hva er heterozygot?

A

To ulike alleler i et genpar – Aa

Heterozygote individer har varierte gener for en bestemt egenskap.

41
Q

Definer diploide celler.

A

Celler som har parvise (2n) kromosomer

De fleste kroppsceller er diploide.

42
Q

Hva er haploide celler?

A

Celler som har enkeltvise (n) kromosomer

Kjønnsceller er haploide celler.

43
Q

Hva er monohybrid arv?

A

Arv av 1 egenskap

Monohybrid arv studerer hvordan en enkelt egenskap overføres.

44
Q

Definer dihybrid arv.

A

Arv av 2 egenskaper

Dihybrid arv involverer to ulike genpar.

45
Q

Hva er polyhybrid arv?

A

Arv av flere egenskaper

Polyhybrid arv kan involvere komplekse interaksjoner mellom mange gener.