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1
Q

What are the key requirements for a good tasting environment?

A

Good lighting, free of strong odours, sufficient space for glasses and notes, spittoons.

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2
Q

What are the characteristics of ideal tasting glassware?

A

Odourless, colourless, transparent, free of residues, ISO glass with a round bottom for swirling.

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3
Q

What are the alcohol strength categories for wine?

A
  • Low < 11%
  • Medium 11% – 13.9%
  • High > 14%
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4
Q

What are the alcohol strength categories for fortified wines?

A
  • Low < 15 – 16.4%
  • Medium 16.5% – 18.4%
  • High > 18.5%
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5
Q

What is the ideal serving temperature for sweet wines?

A

6 - 8°C (well chilled)

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6
Q

What is the ideal serving temperature for light red wines?

A

13 – 18°C (lightly chilled/room temp)

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7
Q

What are the storage conditions for wine?

A

Cool, constant temperature, away from strong sunshine and artificial light, store on side if cork.

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8
Q

What should be checked when serving wine?

A
  • Appearance – hazy maybe faulty
  • Aroma – no vinegar or wet cardboard
  • Freshness
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9
Q

What is cork taint (TCA)?

A

Wet cardboard smell, muted aromas and flavours.

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10
Q

What causes oxidation in wine?

A

Failure of closure leading to deeper/browner colour, honey/caramel/coffee notes, lack of freshness & fruitiness.

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11
Q

What are the main parts of the grape and their contributions?

A
  • Skins – flavour, colour, tannins
  • Seed/Stems – tannins
  • Pulp – mainly water & sugar, also acid & flavours
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12
Q

What are the climate classifications for grape growing?

A
  • Cool < 16.5°C
  • Medium 16.5 – 18.5°C
  • Warm > 18.5°C
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13
Q

What is véraison in grape growth?

A

The stage when grapes lose dark green colour and begin to change to golden, red, or purple while tannins develop.

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14
Q

What is botrytis (noble rot) in winemaking?

A

A beneficial fungus that concentrates sugars in grapes.

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15
Q

What factors influence grape growth?

A
  • Climate
  • Latitude
  • Altitude
  • Seas
  • Rivers
  • Air
  • Cloud, fog, mist
  • Mountains
  • Slope & Aspect
  • Soil
  • Weather
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16
Q

What are the effects of high rainfall on grape harvest?

A

Can lead to fungal diseases and diluted flavours if grapes swell near harvest.

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17
Q

What are the steps in dry red winemaking?

A
  • Crushing
  • Alcoholic fermentation
  • Draining
  • Pressing
  • Storage or maturation
  • Packaging
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18
Q

What is the process of blending in winemaking?

A

Mixing red and white wines, not permitted in Europe.

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19
Q

What is the difference in fermentation temperatures for red and white wines?

A
  • Red: 20-32°C
  • White: 12-22°C
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20
Q

What is malolactic conversion?

A

A process where bacteria convert malic acid to lactic acid, often used in red wines.

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21
Q

What is yeast autolysis in sparkling wine production?

A

The breakdown of yeast cells after fermentation, contributing to flavor.

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22
Q

What is the tank method in sparkling wine production?

A

Second fermentation occurs in a tank, lees are removed by filtration.

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23
Q

What is fortification in winemaking?

A

Adding alcohol to wine to stop spoilage or fermentation.

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24
Q

What is the solera system in Sherry production?

A

A system of old oak casks containing wines of different ages, blended to create a consistent wine.

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25
Q

What are the characteristics of Fino Sherry?

A

Aged under flor, fortified to 15% ABV, pale lemon color, aromas of apple and almond.

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26
Q

What defines Oloroso Sherry?

A

Aged oxidatively, fortified to 17% ABV, brown color, flavors of dried fruit and oxidation.

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27
Q

What is the sweetness labeling for Sherry?

A
  • Pale Cream for Fino
  • Medium for Amontillado
  • Cream for Oloroso
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28
Q

What are the characteristics of Ruby Port?

A

Deeply colored, fruity, flavors of cooked black fruit, typically sweet.

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29
Q

What are the key geographical indicators for wine classification in France?

A
  • AOP (Appellation d’origine protégée)
  • IGP (Indication géographique protégée)
  • AOC (Appellation d’origine contrôlée)
  • Vin de pays (VdP)
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30
Q

What are the labeling classifications for Burgundy wines?

A
  • Regional Appellations
  • Village Appellations
  • Premier Cru vineyards
  • Grand Cru vineyards
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31
Q

What grape variety is known for its high acidity and is often used in sparkling wines?

A

Chenin Blanc

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32
Q

Fill in the blank: The grape variety _______ is known for its wet stone notes.

A

Chardonnay

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33
Q

True or False: All Port wines are dry.

A

False

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34
Q

What are the characteristics of Chardonnay?

A

Cool to warm climate, medium to high acidity, dry style, light to full body.

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35
Q

What is the typical body and acidity level of Gewurztraminer?

A

Full body, low to medium acidity

Gewurztraminer wines can range from dry to sweet

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36
Q

Which grape variety is known for its floral and aromatic characteristics?

A

Gewurztraminer

Typical flavors include rose aromas and stone fruit

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37
Q

What climate is preferred for growing Pinot Noir?

A

Cool to moderate climate

Pinot Noir has a thin skin and is difficult to cultivate

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38
Q

What are the typical flavor notes found in Cabernet Sauvignon?

A

Black fruit (black currant, black cherry), herbaceous (green pepper)

Flavors can become cooked in warmer climates

39
Q

Fill in the blank: Riesling is known for its _______ and high acidity.

A

fruity and floral aromas

Riesling can produce wines that range from dry to sweet

40
Q

What are the characteristics of Semillon grapes?

A

Medium to high acidity, light to full body

Can develop dried fruit, nuts, and honey in bottle

41
Q

True or False: Chardonnay is a versatile grape that grows well in all climates.

A

True

Characteristics vary widely based on climate

42
Q

What is the typical flavor profile of Malbec?

A

Black fruit (blackberry, black plum)

Malbec can be found in both oak and unoaked styles

43
Q

What type of wine is produced from the Glera grape?

A

Prosecco

Glera produces light to medium body, dry to off dry styles

44
Q

What are the typical characteristics of Furmint grapes?

A

High acidity, susceptibility to noble rot

Often used for sweet wines

45
Q

Which grape variety is known for producing wines with pronounced herbaceous aromas?

A

Sauvignon Blanc

Characterized by green pepper and floral notes

46
Q

What are the typical flavors of Tempranillo?

A

Red fruit (strawberry, red cherry), black fruit (blackberry, black plum)

Can develop flavors of dried fruit and leather in bottle

47
Q

What is the typical body and acidity of Pinot Grigio?

A

Light bodied, high acidity

Can vary depending on yield and harvest timing

48
Q

What is the wine style of Albariño?

A

Typically dry, high acidity

Commonly unoaked with citrus and stone fruit flavors

49
Q

Fill in the blank: The wine style of Chenin Blanc can range from _______ to sweet.

A

dry

Chenin Blanc is versatile and can age well

50
Q

What grape variety is typically used in the production of sparkling wines in Champagne?

A

Pinot Noir, Meunier, Chardonnay

These grapes create base wine with low alcohol and high acidity

51
Q

What is the typical flavor profile of Merlot?

A

Red fruit (strawberry, red plum), herbaceous (green pepper)

Can develop dried fruit and tobacco in bottle

52
Q

What is the climate requirement for Zinfandel?

A

Warm climate

Essential for ripening and developing fruit flavors

53
Q

True or False: Gamay wines are typically full bodied with high tannins.

A

False

Gamay is typically light bodied with low to medium tannins

54
Q

What are the typical flavors associated with Grenache?

A

Red fruit (strawberry, red plum), sometimes spice (white pepper)

Often used to make rosé wines

55
Q

What is the typical aging potential of Barbera compared to Nebbiolo?

A

Lower aging potential

Barbera has lower tannins than Nebbiolo

56
Q

Fill in the blank: The appassimento method is used to produce _______ wines.

A

Amarone della Valpolicella

This method involves drying grapes before fermentation

57
Q

What is the typical body and acidity level of Cortese?

A

Light bodied, high acidity

Typically dry and not intended for aging

58
Q

What is reflected sunlight?

A

Sunlight that bounces off surfaces.

59
Q

How do Rheingau wines compare to Mosel wines?

A

Drier and more body than Mosel wines.

60
Q

What geographical feature protects the Pfalz region?

A

Mountains.

61
Q

What is the climate of Champagne ideal for?

A

Creating base wine with low alcohol and high acidity.

62
Q

What are the main grapes grown in Champagne AOC?

A
  • Pinot Noir
  • Meunier
  • Chardonnay
63
Q

What is the minimum legal lees ageing for least expensive Champagne?

A

12 months.

64
Q

What flavor notes are common in good quality Champagne?

A
  • Green fruits (apple)
  • Citrus fruits (lemon)
  • Autolytic notes (toasted bread, biscuit)
65
Q

What characterizes vintage Champagnes?

A

From single vintage, longer lees ageing, and bottle ageing leading to notes of nuts and honey.

66
Q

What protects Alsace from harsh weather?

A

Vosges mountains.

67
Q

What grape is typically picked later in the season in Alsace?

A

Gewurztraminer.

68
Q

What is the main grape grown in Sancerre AOC?

A

Sauvignon Blanc.

69
Q

What style of wines does Vouvray AOC produce?

A

All styles including sweet and sparkling.

70
Q

What is the main grape in Bourgogne AOC?

A

Pinot Noir.

71
Q

What defines Chablis AOC’s climate?

A

Cool climate with high acidity.

72
Q

What is the primary grape grown in Côte D’Or?

A

Pinot Noir.

73
Q

What grape is grown in Pommard AOC?

A

Pinot Noir.

74
Q

What type of wine is produced in Meursault AOC?

A

Chardonnay.

75
Q

What is the main grape grown in Beaujolais AOC?

76
Q

What is the climate type in Bordeaux?

A

Moderate climate.

77
Q

What are the main grapes grown on the Left Bank of Bordeaux?

A
  • Cabernet Sauvignon
  • Merlot
78
Q

What is the primary grape in Pomerol AOC?

79
Q

What is Sauternes AOC known for?

A

Sweet wine via botrytis.

80
Q

What is the only black grape allowed in Côte Rôtie AOC?

81
Q

What is the primary grape in Châteauneuf-du-Pape AOC?

82
Q

What is the main grape in Rías Baixas DO?

A

Albariño.

83
Q

What is the main grape in Rioja DOCa?

A

Tempranillo.

84
Q

What is the main grape grown in Ribera Del Duero DO?

A

Tempranillo.

85
Q

What grape is primarily grown in Barolo DOCG?

86
Q

What is the main grape in Chianti DOCG?

A

Sangiovese.

87
Q

What is the climate of the Central Valley in California?

88
Q

What grape variety is predominant in Napa Valley?

A

Cabernet Sauvignon.

89
Q

What is the main grape grown in Casablanca Valley?

A

Pinot Noir.

90
Q

What grape is most widely planted in South Africa?

A

Chenin Blanc.

91
Q

What main grape is grown in Margaret River?

A

Cabernet Sauvignon.

92
Q

What is the climate of Hawke’s Bay in New Zealand?

A

Moderate climate with high rainfall.

93
Q

What grape variety is primarily grown in Marlborough?

A

Sauvignon Blanc.

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