Test Flashcards
Demography
is the statistical study of populations, particularly with respect to the structure, distribution, and trends within a given population.
examples of demography
Age distribution in japan
Workforce challenges
Immigraotion and policy
Population Clusters (four largest)
east Asia, south Asia, western Europe, southeast Asia
example of population cluster
Example is Ganges river in India The Ganges River Valley is one of the most densely populated regions in the world, with hundreds of millions of people living in this area.
Overpopulation
refers to a situation where the number of people in a given area exceeds the capacity of the environment or resources to sustain them at a decent standard of living.
example of over population
Dhaka’s population has grown significantly in a short time due to rural-to-urban migration, as people from surrounding areas flock to the city in search of better economic opportunities.
Arithmetic Density
The total population of a region divided by the total land area. It measures how many people live per unit of land (e.g., people per square kilometer).
Physiological Density:
The total population of a region divided by the amount of arable (farmable) land. It indicates the pressure on the land’s ability to produce food.
Agricultural Density:
The number of farmers per unit of arable land. It reflects the level of agricultural development and how much land is cultivated by farmers in a given area.
Arithmetic density example
This means that, on average, there are about 1,152 people for every square kilometer of land in Bangladesh. This is considered a very high arithmetic density, which reflects how densely populated the country is overall.
Physiological density example
In Egypt, the Nile River Valley is the only area with fertile, arable land, so this high physiological density shows how heavily populated the agricultural areas are compared to the total land area
Agricultural density example
India’s Agricultural Density is high, reflecting the large number of people depending on farming in relation to the amount of arable land. Despite technological advancements in agriculture, much of India’s farming is still labor-intensive
Arable land
land that is suitable for growing crops.
Arable land example
The Midwest region, including states like Kansas, Nebraska, Iowa, Illinois, and Indiana, is known for its vast areas of fertile soil and relatively flat terrain, making it ideal for farming.
Life expectancy
the average number of years a person can expect to live, based on current mortality rates in a specific population
Crude Birth Rate
is the number of live births in a year for every 1,000 people in a population
Crude Birth Rate example
niger has a high birth rate because of the lack of education and also family planning. China has a low crude birth rate because of its high education and 1 child rule in the country
Natural Increase Rate
represents the difference between the number of births and deaths in a population over a specific period, typically expressed as a percentage
Natural Increase Rate example
Nigeria has a high birth rate and relatively lower death rate, contributing to a high natural increase rate. Factors like limited access to family planning, a youthful population, and higher fertility rates contribute to this rapid population growth.
Total fertility rate
the average number of children a woman is expected to have during her lifetime, based on current birth rates in a specific population
Total fertility rate example
Niger has one of the highest fertility rates in the world due to factors like cultural norms, limited access to family planning, and a young population with many women in childbearing age.
Infant Mortality Rate
number of infants who die before reaching one year of age, per 1,000 live births in a given year.
Infant Mortality Rate example
Afghanistan has a high infant mortality rate due to factors like limited access to healthcare, poor nutrition. Norway has one of the lowest infant mortality rates in the world due to its high-quality healthcare system
Demographic transition model
Stage 1: High birth and death rates, resulting in slow population growth.
Stage 2: High birth rates and declining death rates, leading to rapid population growth.
Stage 3: Birth rates begin to fall, and population growth slows.
Stage 4: Low birth and death rates, resulting in a stable or slow-growing population.
Stage 5: Very low birth rates and low death rates, often leading to population decline or very slow growth.
Dependency/ Elderly support ratio
is a measure of the proportion of the population that is dependent on the working-age population.
Dependency/ Elderly support ratio example
In countries like Japan, where the population is aging rapidly, the elderly support ratio is high, meaning fewer working-age people are available to support the growing elderly population.
China’s One-Child Policy
The policy aimed to control population growth and promote economic development, but it led to demographic challenges, such as an aging population and gender imbalances
Epidemiological Transition Model
Stage 1: High mortality due to infectious and parasitic diseases (e.g., plague, smallpox).
Stage 2: Declining mortality due to improvements in sanitation, nutrition, and healthcare, but still high prevalence of infectious diseases.
Stage 3: Decreasing deaths from infectious diseases and rise in deaths from chronic diseases (e.g., heart disease, cancer).
Stage 4: Low mortality from both infectious and chronic diseases, with increased life expectancy.
Stage 5 (optional): Resurgence of infectious diseases due to factors like antibiotic resistance and pandemics (e.g., COVID-19).
Clustered distribution
means that the items or people are grouped closely together in certain areas. For example, cities are often clustered near rivers or coasts due to historical settlement patterns.
Dispersed distribution
means that the items or people are spread out over a larger area, with fewer concentrations. Rural areas, where houses and farms are spread far apart, are an example of dispersed distribution
Spatial Association
the relationship or connection between two or more phenomena in a specific geographic area
Spatial Association
the relationship between poverty and lack of access to healthcare in certain regions.
Globalization and inequality
refers to the way in which the process of globalization—characterized by increased trade, communication, and cultural exchange—can contribute to both economic growth and social inequality.
Globalization and inequality example
An example of globalization and inequality is the gap between rich and poor countries in terms of economic growth and access to resources.
Refugees
People who are forced to flee their home country due to fear of persecution, war, or violence. They seek refuge in another country and are often granted legal protection
Asylum Seekers:
Individuals who have fled their home country and are seeking international protection, but their status has not yet been officially determined. They apply for asylum in another country, claiming they fear for their safety if they return home.
Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs)
People who are forced to leave their homes due to conflict, violence, or disaster but remain within their own country. Unlike refugees, they have not crossed an international border.
Immigration Preferences in the US
refer to the criteria used to determine who can enter the country and obtain permanent residency
