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anat 6 test > test > Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the primary function of the cardiovascular system?

A

The cardiovascular system functions to transport vital materials between the external environment and the internal fluid environment of the body.

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2
Q

What does the cardiovascular system carry?

A

The cardiovascular system carries oxygen, waste
products, including carbon dioxide; hormones; defense elements; and cells involved in wound healing.

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3
Q

What are the main components of the cardiovascular system?

A

The cardiovascular system consists of the heart and vessels (arteries, capillaries, veins) that transport blood through all parts of the body.

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4
Q

What additional vessels does the cardiovascular system include?

A

The cardiovascular system includes the lymphatic vessels

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5
Q

What are lymphatic vessels?

A

a set of channels that begin in the tissue spaces and return excess tissue fluid to the bloodstream.

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6
Q

What is the heart?

A

a hollow, muscular, fourchambered organ that
pumps blood to two separate circulatory loops.

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7
Q

How is the heart regulated in its pumping rate and strength?

A

The heart is regulated by the autonomic nervous system which controls a pacemaker (sinoatrial node.)

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8
Q

What are the two separate circulatory loops that the heart pumps to?

A

the pulmonary circulation, and the systemic circulation.

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9
Q

What are the three layers of the cardiac wall?

A

The wall of the heart has three layers: outer - epicardium

middle - myocardium (including
the fibrous skeleton)

inner – endocardium

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10
Q

What are the four chambers of the heart?

A

The heart contains four chambers: Left atrium (LA)

Left ventricle (LV) Right atrium (RA) Right ventricle (RV)

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11
Q

Why is the left ventricle thicker than the right ventricle?

A

The Lv is thicker than rv bc it pumps oxygenated blood to all the body.

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12
Q

What are the two circulatory loops?

A

Systemic and pulmonary

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13
Q

What type of blood do veins carry?

A

Deoxygenated (venous) rich with CO2

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14
Q

What type of blood do arteries carry?

A

Oxygenated (arterial) rich with O2

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15
Q

What does the systemic circuit do?

A

The systemic circuit transports blood from the left ventricle through the aorta to all parts of the body and returns it to the right atrium through the superior and inferior venae cavae and the cardiac veins.

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16
Q

What does the pulmonary circuit do?

A

Transports blood from the right
ventricle through the pulmonary trunk and arteries to the lungs for the exchange of oxygen and
carbon dioxide and returns it to the left atrium of the heart through the pulmonary veins.

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17
Q

What do blood vessels do in relation to the lungs?

A

Carry blood to the lungs, where
carbon dioxide is exchanged for oxygen.

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18
Q

What do blood vessels do in relation to the intestines and endocrine glands?

A

Carry blood to the intestines, where
nutritive materials in the fluid form are absorbed, and to the endocrine
glands, where hormones pass through the vessel walls and are distributed to target cells.

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19
Q

How do blood vessels conribute to the removal of waste products?

A

Blood vessels transport waste products of tissue fluid to the kidneys, lungs, and skin.

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20
Q

What are the four types of blood vessels?

A

There are 4 types of blood vessels:
1) arteries, 2) veins, 3) capillaries, and 4) sinusoids.

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21
Q

What do arteries do?

A

Arteries carry blood away from the heart and distribute it to all parts of the body.

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22
Q

How do the walls of arteries compare to veins?

A

Arteries have thicker and stronger walls than veins.

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23
Q

What are the three main types of arteries?

A

The three main types of arteries are elastic arteries
muscular artries
areterioles

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24
Q

What happens if there is too much cholesterol in the blood?

A

If there is too much cholesterol in the
blood, the cholesterol, and other
substances may form deposits (plaques) that collect on artery walls.

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25
Q

What is the name and effects of atherosclerosis in the heart (coronary) arteries?

A

Angina
pectoris (chest pain)

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26
Q

What is the name and effects of atherosclerosis in the brain arteries?

A

Stroke (difficulty
speaking, temporary loss of vision, or drooping muscles in the face)

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27
Q

What is the name and effects of atherosclerosis in the arteries of the arms and legs?

A

Peripheral
artery disease (leg pain when walking claudication or decreased blood pressure in an affected limb)

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28
Q

What are the major arteries of the head and neck?

A

The major arteries of the head and neck are the common carotid arteries external carotid arteries and internal carotid arteries.

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29
Q

What are the major arteries of the upper limb?

A

The major arteries of the upper limb are the subclavian artery brachial artery radial artery and ulnar artery.

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30
Q

What are the major arteries of the heart?

A

The major arteries of the heart are the coronary arteries.

31
Q

What are the major arteries of the abdomen?

A

The major arteries of the abdomen are the celiac artery renal arteries superior mesenteric artery and inferior mesenteric artery.

32
Q

What are the major arteries of the pelvis?

A

The major arteries of the pelvis are the common iliac arteries and internal iliac arteries.

33
Q

What are the major arteries of the lower limb?

A

The major arteries of the lower limb are the external iliac artery femoral artery popliteal artery tibial arteries and peroneal arteries.

34
Q

What are capillaries composed of?

A

Capillaries are composed of endothelium and its basement membrane and connect the arterioles to the venules.

35
Q

What is the function of capillaries?

A

Are the sites for the exchange of
carbon dioxide, oxygen, nutrients, and waste products between the tissues and the blood.

36
Q

Where are capillaries absent?

A

Capillaries are absent in the
cornea, epidermis, and hyaline cartilage.

37
Q

What do veins do?

A

Veins carry blood toward the heart from all parts of the body.

38
Q

What are the two main types of veins and their functions?

A

The two main types of veins are pulmonary veins and systemic veins.
Sys: Return deoxygenated blood to the heart

pul: return oxygenated blood to the heart.

39
Q

What feature do veins have to aid blood flow?

A

Veins contain valves that prevent the reflux of blood.

40
Q

What are the tributaries to the superior vena cava (SVC)?

A

The tributaries to the superior vena cava (SVC) include the Brachiochephalic veins

41
Q

What are the tributaries to the inferior vena cava (IVC)?

A

The tributaries to the inferior vena cava (IVC) include the External

42
Q

How do sinusoids compare to capillaries in terms of structure?

A

Sinusoids are wider and more irregular than capillaries.

43
Q

In which organs do sinusoids substitute for capillaries?

A

liver, spleen and red bone marrow

44
Q

What do the walls of sinusoids consist of?

A

The walls of sinusoids consist mainly of phagocytic cells.

45
Q

What system are sinusoids a part of and what is its function?

A

reticuloendothelial system, which is concerned chiefly with
phagocytosis and antibody formation.

46
Q

What is a portal system?

A

A portal system is a system of vessels in which blood traveling through one capillary bed passes through a second capillary network before it returns to the systemic circulation.

47
Q

What is the hepatic portal system?

A

The hepatic portal system consists of nutrient-rich blood from the intestinal capillaries passing through the hepatic portal vein and then hepatic capillaries (sinusoids) to the hepatic veins.

48
Q

How does blood travel through the hepatic portal system?

A

In the hepatic portal system blood travels from the intestinal capillaries to the hepatic portal vein then through hepatic capillaries (sinusoids) and finally to the hepatic veins.

49
Q

What happens to the blood after it leaves the hepatic veins?

A

hepatic veins will pass the blood
to IVC and systemic circulation.

50
Q

What is the primary function of the lymphatic system?

A

The lymphatic system provides an important immune mechanism for the body.

51
Q

How is the lymphatic system involved in cancer?

A

The lymphatic system is involved in the metastasis of cancer cells.

52
Q

What role does the lymphatic system play in digestion?

A

The lymphatic system provides a route for transporting fat and large protein molecules absorbed from the intestine to the thoracic duct.

53
Q

What is lymph?

A

Lymph is a clear

54
Q

What does lymph contain before it passes through lymph nodes?

A

Lymph contains no cells until lymphocytes are added in its passage through the lymph nodes.

55
Q

What are the constituents of lymph similar to?

A

The constituents of lymph are similar to those of blood plasma

56
Q

What is chyle in lymph?

A

Chyle refers to fat droplets often present in lymph when it comes from intestinal organs.

57
Q

How is lymph processed before entering the venous system?

A

Lymph is filtered by passing through several lymph nodes before entering the venous system.

58
Q

What is the function of lymphatic vessels?

A

Lymphatic vessels serve as one-way drainage toward the heart and return lymph to the bloodstream through the thoracic duct (the largest lymphatic vessel) or the right lymphatic duct.

59
Q

What features do lymphatic vessels have?

A

Lymphatic vessels have valves.

60
Q

Where are lymphatic vessels absent?

A

Are absent in the brain,
spinal cord, eyeballs, bone marrow, hyaline cartilage, nails, and hair

61
Q

Where does lymph from the upper limb drain?

A

Lymph from the upper limb drains into axillary lymph nodes.

62
Q

Where does lymph from the lower limb drain?

A

Lymph from the lower limb drains into inguinal lymph nodes.

63
Q

What is metastatic cancer?

A

Metastatic cancer is cancer that spreads from where it started to a distant part of the body.

64
Q

What stage is metastatic cancer often referred to as?

A

For many types of cancer

65
Q

What is the process by which cancer cells spread to other parts of the body called?

A

The process by which cancer cells spread to other parts of the body is called metastasis.

66
Q

What role do lymphatic vessels play in cancer metastasis?

A

Lymphatic vessels are not generally visible in dissections but are the major route by which carcinoma metastasizes.

67
Q

Where do lymphatic capillaries begin and what do they do?

A

Lymphatic capillaries begin blindly in most tissues

68
Q

What is the function of lymphatic capillaries?

A

Lymphatic capillaries absorb lymph from tissue spaces and transport it back to the venous system.

69
Q

What are lymphatic capillaries called in the villi of the small intestine

A

and what is their function there?

70
Q

What are lymph nodes (LNs)?

A

Lymph nodes are organized collections of lymphatic tissue permeated by lymph channels.

71
Q

What do lymph nodes contain and what is their function?

A

Lymph nodes contain lymphocytes and filter the lymph.

72
Q

How do lymph nodes respond to bacterial infection?

A

Lymph nodes trap bacteria drained from an infected area and contain reticuloendothelial cells and phagocytic cells (macrophages) that ingest these bacteria.

73
Q

Which lymphatic nodes drain into the right lymphatic duct?

A

The right lymphatic duct receives lymph from the right deep cervical lymph nodes Right axillary LNs
3. Right bronchomediastinal LNs

74
Q

Which lymphatic nodes drain into the thoracic duct?

A

The thoracic duct receives lymph from the left deep cervical lymph nodes

anat 6 test (1 decks)

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