Test Flashcards
Physiology
Emphasizes cause and effect mechanisms
Pathophysiology
The study of how a disease or injury alters physiological processes
What is the first step in the scientific method?
Hypothesis
What is the normal range of arterial blood pH?
7.35-7.45
In a feedback loop, the integrating center sends information to what?
Effector
What is NOT a primary tissue of the body?
Osseous
What causes goosebumps to stand?
Contraction of the erector pili
What muscle can be consciously controlled?
Skeletal
A hypothesis is scientific if what?
It can be tested
For a theory to be scientific and accepted it must be based on what kind of data?
Replicable
The primary stimulus for insulin secretion is what?
Increased glucose concentration
Intercalated discs couple what cells both mechanically and electrically?
Myocardial
If you are Examining a sample of muscle tissue under a microscope and it is striated, this sample could NOT have been taken from what?
The wall of the digestive tract
Which of the following is a characteristic of smooth muscle?
Found in the walls of the digestive tract
Neurolgia are supporting cells that are present in the?
Brain and spinal cord
In Epithelial tissue, if they are more than 1 layer thick what are they called?
Striated
A single layer of a regularly shaped epithelial cells found lining the respiratory tract is called what?
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
How often is the entire epidermis replaced?
Every 2 weeks
What is a function of simple squamous epithelium?
Diffusion
Which tissue attaches skeletal muscles to the bones?
Tendon
What is a main characteristic of connective tissue?
A large amount of extracellular material
What layer of the skin has sweat glands, hair follicles, and sebaceous glands?
Dermal section
The hypodermis is primarily composed of what?
Adipose tissue
Where are adult stem cells found?
Brain, follicles, and skeletal muscle
What percent of water makes up the total body weight of an average adult?
60-70
When an atom loses one or more electrons does it become positively or negatively charged?
Positively
When an atom gains one or more electrons what is it?
An anion
The type of bond found in sodium chloride is what?
Ionic bond
What is A solution with a pH above 7?
Basic
What does A blood pH of 7.6 indicate?
Alkalosis
Molecules that are mirror images of each other are what?
Enantiomers
The addition of water with the proper enzyme to a molecule is called what?
Hydrolysis
What is an example of a monosaccharide?
Glucose
A molecule that is part polar and part non-polar is what?
Amphipathic
Peptide bonds are formed by the process of what?
Dehydration synthesis
In the secondary structure of protein is what?
Alpha helix coils, beta pleated, sheet folds over protein strands
In the primary structure of protein is what?
A linear arrangement of amino acids in the molecule.
What holds a protein in its tertiary structure?
Both the chemical bonds between the widely spaced amino acids and the disulfide bonds between the sulfur groups on the systines
A nitrogenous base, adenine is a what?
A purine
A base that is NOT found in RNA is what?
Thymine
What is the liquid portion of the cell between the plasma membrane and the nucleus?
Cytosol
What is a statement regarding the structure of the plasma membrane?
The movement of proteins in the plasma membrane allows for cellular adaptations to the extracellular environment.
Proteins located on the surface of the plasma membrane can act as what for hormones?
Receptors
Proteins that are only partially embedded in one side of the plasma membrane are what?
Peripheral proteins
The plasma membrane is referred to as a mosaic because of the presence of what?
Moving proteins in a random arrangement
How are phospholipids arranged to form the plasma membrane?
A double layer, hydrophobic tails facing inwards
The process by which cells secrete cellular products into the extracellular environment is what?
Exocytosis
Phagocytosis differs from endocytosis because during phagocytosis what?
None of the above
Or
Plasma membrane envaginate to produce a furrow that pinches off inside the cell
The only flagellated cells in humans are found where?
Sperm
What locations have ciliated cells?
Respiratory and female reproductive system
Folds of the plasma membrane that increase the surface area are called what?
Microvili
Microtubules and micro filaments are the primary components of what?
Cytoskeleton
What type of lysosome contains in digestive waste?
Residual body
What enzyme is needed to prevent excessive accumulation of hydrogen peroxide from peroxisome activity?
Catalase
The folded inner membrane of the mitochondria is what?
Cristae
A cell lacking a Golgi apparatus would not be able to add what to the proteins?
Carbohydrates
DNA replication is what?
Semi-conservative
What stage of the cell cycle IMMEDIATELY proceeds the S phase?
G1
The process of tissue death in which cells swell and rupture their membranes and burst is what?
Necrosis
Chromosomes move to the opposite poles is what?
Anaphase
Centrosomes replace during what?
Interphase
Telemere DNA is produced from a what kind of template?
RNA template
The division of cytoplasm in mitosis is called what?
Cytokinesis
What is NOT a characteristic of a catalyst
It can change the final results of a reaction
Biological catalyst what?
Remain unchanged at the end of the reaction
The substrate binds to the what on the enzyme?
Active site
In the model that explains how an enzyme and substrate fit together is called what?
Lock and key
The level of protein structure primarily involved in determining enzyme activity is what enzyme?
Tertiary
Elevated plasma adilase can be indicative in muscular dystrophy which is what?
When a muscle tissue is destroyed it releases the enzyme to present in the muscle cells into the blood
If you have elevated plasma amylase that could indicate what?
Pancreatitis
Reactant molecules of enzyme action are called what?
Substrates
Addition of a phosphate group to a particular molecule is catalyzed by what?
Kinases
A reaction which creates larger molecules from substrates and results in water as a byproduct would be catalyzed by a what enzyme?
Synthase
The enzyme with the lowest pH optimum is what?
Pepsin
Inactive forms of digestive enzymes are what?
Zymogens
Metal ions such as magnesium or calcium can serve as what?
Cofactors
Energy transformations result in an increase or decrease in entropy?
Increase
Energy transformation increase the entropy of a system is a statement of what?
Second law of thermodynamics
An energy can change form but it cannot be created or destroyed is a statement of what?
The first law of thermodynamics
The calorie (small c) is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one cubic centimeter of what?
One degree on the Celsius scale
The universal energy carrier is what?
ATP
NAD derived from vitamin B3 is what?
Niacine
FAD is derived from vitamin B2 which is what?
Riboflavin
A reducing agent what?
They donate electrons and protons
The FAD and NAD are coenzymes that act as what?
Hydrogen carriers in biochemical reactions
