Test Flashcards
What is a GVC?
How long is it valid for
General VLOS Certificate
VLOS = Visual Line of Sight
5 years
How long is a Operational Authorisation valid for?
12 months
What does the CAA stand for?
What does CAP stand for and what is it?
Civil Aviation Authority
Civil Aviation Publication
Issued regarding changes in legislation or communication from CAA
What is the principal legislation govening aviation in the UK?
What provides the specifications and regulations that we need to operate under?
ANO2016, the Air Navigation Order UAS IR (Unmanned Aircraft System Implementing Regulation)
The three catgories for UAV operations and what each requires
Open category: low or no risk to third parties
Specific category: greater risk than open, requires operational authorisation
Certified category: represent an equivalent risk to that of manned aviation, require same stuff (pilots license, certification etc)
What does DMARES stand for
What are the two main parts and what is the difference between them
Drone and Model Aircraft Registration and Education Scheme
What are the two main parts of DMARES and what is the difference between them
Flyer ID and Operator ID
Flyer ID: anyone who wants to fly
No minimum age but children under 13 must register with parent
Lasts 5 years, is free
Operator ID: anyone responsible for a drone
Must be displayed on drones
Must be over 18
Lasts 1 year, £9 fee
Three factors in open category operations
Maximum take-off mass is less than 25kg
Drone must be operated within Visual Line of Sight (VLOS)
Must not flown higher than 120 metres
A1 sub-category in open category: What it involve Weight of drone allowed Class of drones Competency required
Close to people and potential overflight
Under 250g
C0, C1, A1 transitional
User manual, DMARES, maybe A2 CofC (only if using A1 drone)
A2 sub-category in open category: What it involve Weight of drone allowed Class of drones Competency required
Close to people, no overflight
No closer than 30 metres hirozontally from uninvolved persons (5m in “low speed” mode)
Less than 4kg
C2, A2 transitional
User manual, DMARES, practical training, A2 CofC
A3 sub-category in open category: What it involve Weight of drone allowed Class of drones Competency required
No uninvolved people present
No flight within 150m horizontally of congested areas
Less than 25kg
C3, C4, A3 transitional
Just user manual and DMARES
Difference between C class and legacy drones
Requirements for taking CofC
What does it stand for
CE marking are a european approved product certification
Legacy are older drones that after 31st December 2022 can only be used in the open category
Certificate of Competency
Online training and practical flight training
What is the 1:1 rule?
How high can a drone fly, whats the exception
Drone must be as far vertically as it should be horizontally
I.e. if you have to be 5m from someone you are limited to 5m in height
400ft, but can be exceeded when overflying a fixed obstacle
Must not be higher than 15m above it and kept within 50m horizontally of it
UKPDRA-01: what is it
Details
Rules for distances
Standard permission issued by the CAA
Pilot must maintain VLOS
No time restrictions
Used for UK operations
Can’t take place in an FRZ (Flight Restriction Zone)
500m horizontally, 400ft vertically
What regulation requires insurance?
EC785/2004 article 2
Needed whenever flying under the operational authorisation
What are articles 240, 241 and 265 (3 parts)
240: don’t be reckless or negligent in a manner likely to endanger an aircraft or people in an aircraft
241: don’t be reckless or negligent in a manner likely to endanger any person or property
265: UAS operator can’t let a drone be used unless it complies with one of the three catorgies
265A refers to the UAS operator, 265B refers to the remote pilot, 265C refers to the registration of the UAV
What are ATMs and ATCs
Air Traffic Management and Air Traffic Controllers
What does FL, TMA, CTA, CTR and ATZ mean?
What does the word zone mean in this context?
Flight level Terminal Manoeuvring Area Controlled Area Controlled Zone Aerodrome Traffic Zone
Controlled airspace to ground
What is an FIR
How many does the UK have
Flight Information Regions
London, Scottish, Shanwick
Classes of airspace in order of most highly controlled
Where do UAS flights normally take place
Starts at A and goes to G, where class A is the most highly controlled
Usually in class G – uncontrolled or class D – controlled
Why do runway protection zones exist
Aircraft coming in at 3° angle means they might be low to the ground for a while (2.4km out, only 400ft up)
What does an ATZ look like on a map
What are the dimensions
Red ring with dark red circles all around it
2000ft up
Radius of 2.5 NM if longest runway more than 1850m
Radius of 2.0 NM if shorter
Three types of reserved airspace
How to read this on maps, including max alititude
Danger areas for military
Prohibited areas
Restricted areas
Starts with the letter, then /number (times by 1000)
What is NOTAM
What is recommended to do if flying a UAS under 25kg, not in an FRZ
What to do if flying an ATZ/FRZ
Notice to Airmen
Shows a temporary airspace reservation
About temporary hazards
Contact local ATC or nearby airfields
Contact the ATC/airport operator and get permission
Whats an AIP and AIC
Aeronautical Information Publication
Gives info required before we fly
Aeronautical Information Circulars
Info that dosn’t qualify for NOTAM or AIP
What are EVLOS and BVLOS
Extended Visual Line of Sight
Work with a spotter to fly beyond VLOS
Beyond Visual Line of Sight
Uses remote connection to fly beyond VLOS
Airmanship:
What does the CAA say (KSI)
The three bedrock principles (power rangers)
The five pillers of knowledge (tenet)
The two capstones (superheros)
KPP: Knowledge, Preparation and Practise
Skill, Proficiency, Discipline
Self, Aircraft, Team, Environment, Risk
Judgment, Situational Awareness
What weight is there no requirement for airworthiness independent check
Who should check anyway?
How should you do this
Less than 20 kg
Operator or remote pilot
Use a checklist
What factors should a pilot be able to accuractely judge
What three questions to ask if flying at night
Distance, height and speed
Does drone have suitable lighting
Has a daytime risk assessment been done
Is the take-off/landing area suitably illuminated
Distances to maintain in a congested area
50m from people, vehicles, structures not under the control of the pilot
30m from people not under the control of the pilot during take-off and landing
What does the operational volume consist of
What should we record post-flight in our logbooks
When to rest, how long for
What to do if working alone
The flight geography and contingency volume
Any unexpected events
Time in flight
Take-off and landing times
When batteries changed, 5-10 minute break
Establish pre-agreed intervals of contact between worker and supervisor
What does I’M SAFE stand for
Illness Medication Stress Alcohol Fatigue Eating
How to deal with blindspots
What can cause you to forget about them?
Consciously check blind spots
Get crew/client to help
Task fixation
Five parts of the scan technique (monk nonsense)
Check the SUA Check the airspace Check ground space Check the endurance (battery) Check your blind spot
What are the most common map ratios for planning operations
1:250,000
Can use 1:50,000 for more detail
Three types of north on maps
True north (north pole) Grid north (what a map shows) Magnetic north (bit different to the other two)
Reading contour lines
Between each contour is 5-10 metres, thicker lines every 50 metres
What does AMSL stand for
What does ASL stand for
ft Above Mean Sea Level
ft Above Surface Level
Three types of military low flying areas
How to contact the military about flying
Red=tactical training
Yellow=helicopters
Purple=areas generally avoided
Call the low flying number
DMS
What are latitude lines
What are longtitude lines
Degrees, minutes, seconds
60 minutes in one degree
Works like map coord’s, find first line, go along however many minutes and seconds
Parallel to the equator, running east and west
Perpendicular to equator
Prime meridian passes through greenwich
How many signals does GPS need to get a good fix
What can affect GPS?
How can we use the KP index for this?
4 minimum, better with more
Can be disrupted/jammed
Affected by atmosphere and environment
Measurement of geomagnetic activity
What is multipath
Terrain or structures distorting signals
Happens when signals reflect off stuff like buildings
What are TAF’s and METAR’s
Who issues them
Whats in them
Terminal Aerodrome Forecast
Meterological Aerodrome Report
Airports
Weather conditions, need to be decoded
What does a cold front look like, what does it mean
What does a warm front look like, what does it mean
Wtf is occluded
Blue triangles in direction of travel, means cold air is pushing under warm air
Red semicircles in direction of travel, means warm air is rising over cold air
Has characteristics of both, purple
Whats an isobar
Lines of equal pressure
The closer together they are, the higher the wind speeds
Whats an anemometer
Whats masking
Used to take wind readings
When a building blocks wind making it seem less
Using headwind and tailwind to work out ground speed
Airspeed - windspeed = ground speed
Airspeed + windspeed = ground speed
Three types of turbulence and how they are created
Mechanical-caused by weird surfaces like buildings
Thermal: air on surface is warmed and then ascends
Shear: air moving in different directions at different levels
What effect does cold have on drones
What effect does heat have on drones
Can temporarily reduce battery life
Can cause icing
Prolonged exposure can reduce battery life
Can melt plastic wires etc
Which type of cloud formation is the worst
Cumulonimbus, thunder and lightning
4 forces acting an a craft in flight
Best conditions for lift
Thrust, weight, drag and lift
Dry cold morning near sea level
Whats the ground effect
Whats a vortex ring
Whats the torque effect
Drone harder to control close to ground
More noticeable over smooth surfaces
When you descend too fast the drone becomes unstable
Descend at angle and slowly
Rotational torque generated by rotors
Whats important with automatic flight modes
Two types of drone modes
Maxiumum current formula
Know how to get to manual quickly
GPS and non-GPS
Max current (A) = Capacity*Discharge Rating/1000
What is MTOM
Maximum take-off Mass
Hierarchy of dealing with risks (fast, see?)
PPE
Administrative Controls ( change the way people work)
Engineering controls (isolate people from hazard)
Substitution
Elimination
What should you post flight
Complete logs and record data
Post maintenance
Debrief
How big is a square on an OS map
4cm = 1km, each square is 4cm
How low can jets fly, in the two different areas
How low can helicopters fly
How low is a low flying area
From 100ft in tactical training areas, 250 feet in other low flying areas
Can fly at surface level with 10ft minimum safe distance
Surface to 2000ft
