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1
Q

Generalisability

A

Applicable to general phenomena (all companies)

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2
Q

Controllable

A

Repeatable and transparent

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3
Q

Objectivity

A

Independent conception of truth (Not subjective of peers)

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4
Q

Method of research

A

Valid and agreed upon research methods

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5
Q

Parsimony

A

Explain phenomena in clear and simple language

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6
Q

Descriptive

A

Describing how things are

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7
Q

Prescriptive

A

how things should be

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8
Q

Normative

A

designating some actions or outcomes as good or desirable

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9
Q

Good reason model of truth

A

Something is true if more reasons are in favor than against the claim

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10
Q

Ontological

A

Branch of philosophy dealing with being, reality, and existence

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11
Q

Homo economicus (the economical human)

A

A person who strives after his/her self interest in a rational way
without taking into consideration the well-being of others.

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12
Q

Idealism

A

objects and phenomena only exist as long as they are observed or experienced

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13
Q

Idealism

A

objects and phenomena only exist as long as they are observed or experienced

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14
Q

Realism

A

reality is observed in a pre-formed method through culture, nurture, and experience

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15
Q

Kantian Idealism

A

Reality not in our mind but pre-shaped by our mind, ordered in two experiences - time and space

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16
Q

Sophism

A

The goal is to win a debate no matter the means or to find the truth

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17
Q

Truth preservation

A

In a logically valid argument, true premises lead to true conclusions

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18
Q

Invalid argument

A

You cannot make a conclusion based on the premises

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19
Q

Valid Argument: Modus ponens

A

All A are B
X is A
Therefore: X is B

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20
Q

Valid Argument: Modus Tollens

A

If A, then B
B is false
Therefore: A is false

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21
Q

Invalid Argument: Affirming the consequent

A

If A, then B
B is true
Therefore, A is true

(the form is correct, but logically invalid)

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22
Q

Invalid Argument: Denying the antecedent

A

If A, then B
A is false
Therefore: B is false

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23
Q

Positivism

A

Science should be solely based on observations and experience (empericism)

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24
Q

Logical Positivism

A

There are only two sources of knowledge: Logical reasoning and empirical observations

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25
Q

Deduction

A

Deduces reasoning from general claims or laws

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26
Q

Induction

A

induce reasoning about general laws or claims from observations

27
Q

The correspondence model

A

A claim is true if it corresponds with reality

28
Q

Observational concept

A

concept which can be observed through the senses

29
Q

Theoretical concept

A

A concept that cannot be observed empirically, but requires additional concepts to be observed (eg. economic recession)

30
Q

What makes a good theoretical concept

A
  1. Robustness - useable in more contexts
  2. Fitness - Fit into a more general theory
  3. Predictability - the ability to make trustworthy predictions
31
Q

Coherence model of truth

A

Explanation of the core concepts in relation to the claim in addition of empirical observations.

32
Q

Epistemology

A

the philosophical study of the nature, origin, and limits of human knowledge

33
Q

Analytic

A

Logical analysis of concepts (By definition)

34
Q

Synthetic

A

What must be observed (By observation)

35
Q

Demarcation

A

Distinction between science and pseudo-science

36
Q

Intensional definition

A

Conditions a phenomena has to meet to be counted as an instance of the concept (Definition)

37
Q

Extensional definition

A

The collection of instances to which the concept refers (examples)

38
Q

Karl Popper’s Critical Rationalism

A

Scientists should not focus on confirmation of claims, but instead on falsification. If a theory can withstand falsification than true knowledge is gained.

39
Q

Paradigm theory - Thomas Kuhn

A

How science works, through scientific revolutions

40
Q

Paradigm

A

The structure within which scientists work together; assumptions, basic
theories, methods, and norms

41
Q

Popper’s model

A

Reject the theory not the observation

42
Q

Duhem’s criticism

A

Are scientists always going to reject the theory and not doubt their observation

43
Q

Incommensurability

A

Cannot be measured/compared together, no paradigm is the best

44
Q

Methodological individualism

A

Only individuals and individual action exist, without the existence of supra-individual entities, such as companies

45
Q

Methodological collectivism

A

Supra-individual factors decide individual actions (eg. company culture)

46
Q

Causality

A

Assesses events before a phenomenon (How come …?)

47
Q

Functionality

A

Assesses the goal a phenomenon serves (Why does a bird sing?)

48
Q

Teleologically metaphysical

A

To assess the goal of a phenomenon as the explanation for the phenomenon’s existence.

49
Q

Causally metaphysical

A

To assess preceding causes as the explanation for the emergence of a phenomenon

50
Q

Symbolic interactionism

A

People’s behavior is largely determined by norms within a group. (eg. fashion)

51
Q

Normativity presupposes fallibility

A

Normativity (rule-following behavior) creates the tendency to make mistakes or be wrong (fallibility)

52
Q

Intentional explanations

A

The intention behind behavior

53
Q

Explanans

A

Explanation

54
Q

Explanandum

A

The question

55
Q

Industrial organization

A

Profitability is explained by the industry (eg. market share)

56
Q

Resource-based view

A

Profitability is explained by the resources of a company (eg. patent, brand image, or staff)

57
Q

Organizational ecology

A

The analysis of the survival, growth and death of companies

58
Q

Hermeneutics

A

the attempt to unveil meaningful explanations for a phenomenon by understanding underlying meanings

59
Q

Rational choice theory

A

assumes that all individuals act as perfectly rational beings

60
Q

Nash equilibrium

A

A combination of choices of which no choice can be changed to
the benefit of any of the players (Confess-Confess)

61
Q

Pareto optimal

A

A situation where no individual or preference criterion can be better off without making at least one individual or preference criterion worse off or without any loss thereof.

62
Q

Agency problem

A

An agent is someone who has to do something on behalf of someone else (ice cream parlor)

63
Q

Solutions to agency problem

A
  1. A promise
  2. Control and threat to fire
  3. A share of profits
64
Q

Bounded rationality

A

There are so many decisions to make- so you cannot rationally decide every decision all the time

Philosophy of science (1 decks)

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