TEST Flashcards
Consent given in writing is known as what type of consent?
written consent
Consent given verbally is known as ?
oral consent
Consent signed at the time of admission to a hospital or health care setting is known as ?
general consent or authorization for treatment
Consent assumed in an emergency situation where the patient is unable to make a decision is known as?
implied consent
Consent assumed by nonverbal cues, such as nodding is known as what kind of consent ?
expressed consent
What type of information is collected from the patient and can bee seen, heard or felt ?
objective data
What type of data are factors perceived by the affected individual only?
subjective data
What type of questions should be used when talking to a patient to get more information from them ?
open ended questions
The biggest risk factor for breast cancer is ?
a. a family history of breast cancer
b. a personal history of breast cancer
c. gender
d. not breastfeeding
Gender
One of the minor risk factors for breast cancer could be ?
a. gender
b. aging
c. genetic risk factors
d. not breastfeeding
not breastfeeding
What is the approximate risk of developing breast cancer for a woman whose sister has the disease ?
a. higher than normal risk
b. no significant change in risk
c. lower than normal risk
d. none of the above
higher than normal risk
A woman with the greatest risk of developing breast cancer is ?
a. age 30 years or below
b. above age 50 years
c. between ages 30 to 40 years
d. above age 20 but below age 30 years
above age 50 years
Symptoms of a possible breast disease that will not be demonstrated in the mammogram may include ?
a. nipple discharge
b. skin thickening
c. circumscribed tumors
d. stellate lesions
nipple discharge
Symptoms of very early DCIS may include?
a. skin thickening
b. nipple discharge
c. macrocalcifications
d. none of the above
none of the above
Skin thickening can be malignant but could also be cause by non-malignant factors such as ?
a. esophageal metastases
b. bronchial cancer
c. Hodgkin disease
d. sarcoidosis
sarcoidosis
Risk factors associated with taking hormone replacement therapy (HRT) include ?
a. early menopause
b. late menopause
c. increased risks for birth defects
d. increased risks for breast cancer
increase risks for breast cancer
The ACS recommends that
a. women older than 40 years should have a yearly magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
b. women younger than 40 years should have screening mammography every year
c. new masses or lumps in the breast should be checked by a health are provider
d. women between ages 20 and 39 years should have a CBE every year
new masses or lumps in the breast should be checked by a health care provider
A health care provider should evaluate which of the following breast changes?
a. lumps or swelling
2. skin irritation or dimpling
3. milky discharge from the nipple
skin irritation or dimpling
It is necessary for the technologist to document which of the following?
a. edema
b. dimpling of the skin
c. pain
d. all of the above
all of the above
Pre-examination instructions that can be given to the patient include
a. remove all clothing from the waist down
b. remove deodorant
c. remove panties
d. A and B
remove deodorant
Benefits of communication with your patient include
a. helps identify sensitive breast and the reason for the sensitivity
b. educates the patient
c. reveals fears and misconceptions
d. all of the above
all of the above
In developing patient rapport, the technologist should strive to enhance the patients self-esteem. This means that the technologist should
a. reflect the patients emotions to show understanding
b. agree unconditionally with anything the patient says
c. say “I understand” to any comment the patient makes
d. offer reassurance and encouragement if the patient is confused or unable l to help herself
offer reassurance and encouragement if the patient is confused or unable l to help herself
The two-step method of BSE is to
a. look and feel for changes in the breast
b. examine the breasts and undergo regular mammography
c. check for lumps in the breast and keep a journal of changes in the breast
d. examine the breasts and nipples
look and feel for changes in the breast
When visually inspecting the breast, the changes that should be recorded include
- changes in breast size and shape
- changes in texture or color of the breasts
- indentations of the skin of the breast
a. 1 and 2
b. 2 and 3
c. 1 and 3
d. 1,2,3
1,2,3
The patients medical history and documentation will
- Provide the radiologist with information on the patients risk factors for breast cancer
- give the radiologist information about general symptoms of breast cancer
- provide information about possible benign breast conditions of the patient
a. 1 and 2
b. 2 and 3
c. 1 and 3
d. 1,2,3
1 and 3
Stressing the importance of the BSE can be controversial because
a. BSE tends to detect only benign breast cancer
b. BSE will help in the detection of malignant breast conditions
c. mammography is not 100% effective
d. BSE can cause unnecessary anxiety in women
BSE can cause unnecessary anxiety in women
Which of the following are methods used in BSE?
- using the pads of the three middle fingers to palpate the entire breast
- palpating around the breast in a vertical pattern
- using varying degrees of pressure while palpating the breast
a. 1 only
b. 1 and 2
c. 1 and 3
d. 1,2,3
1,2,3
For a menstruating woman, when is the best time of the month to perform BSE
a. 1 week before the start of menstruation
b. on the first day of the month
c. on the last day of the month
d. when the breast is least tender
when the breast is least tender
Which of the following statements is true?
- breast cancer death rates in the US are going down
- breast cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths among women in the US
- The second leading cause of cancer related deaths among women in the US is breast cancer
a. 1 and 2
b. 2 and 3
c. 1 and 3
d. 1,2,3
1 and 3
Postmenopausal obesity is associated with?
a. a relatively high risk of developing breast cancer
b. overall reduction in breast cancer risks
c. circulating estrogen that is produced in fatty tissue
d. a lower overall estrogen level
circulating estrogen that is produced in fatty tissue
In routine mammography, the glandular dose per projection is generally about
a. 1-2 mGy (0.1-0.2 rad)
b. 10-20 mGy (1.0-2.0 rad)
c. 0.1-0.2 mGy (0.01-0.02 rad)
d. 2-3 mGy (0.2-0.3 rad)
1-2 mGy (0.1-0.2 rad)
Which age group is likely to get the most radiation dose during mammography?
a. 20 to 35 years
b. 40 to 50 years
c. 55 to 60 years
d. above 70 years
20 to 35 years
the 5-year survival rate for a patient with stage 0 breast cancer is about
a. 22%
b. 72%
c. 93%
d. 100%
100%
During mammography, which of the following will affect the average glandular dose per breast?
- degree of breast compression
- the half value layer of the x-ray beam
- breast size and composition
a. 1 only
b. 2 only
c. 3 only
d. 1,2,3
1,2,3
Patients who are allowed to play an active role in applying compression are usually
- less likely to tolerate the compression
- more likely to tolerate the compression
- more relaxed during the compression
a. 1
b. 2
c. 1 and 3
d. 2 and 3
2 and 3
In breast imaging, the dose calculation is based on
a. the entrance skin dose
b. dose absorbed b the glandular tissue of the breast
c. the average skin dose
d. chest wall radiation dose
dose absorbed b the glandular tissue of the breast
What is the purpose of requesting the patient to provide prior mammograms before starting the mammogram examination
a. to see if the patient has breast cancer
b. to assess the exposure technique
c. to provide the radiologist with an additional aid
d. to verify the correct patient
to provide the radiologist with an additional aid
The age of women taking HRT is likely to be
a. under 40 years
b. 25 to 35 years
c. over 40 years
d. under 20 years
over 40 years
The term primipara refers to a woman who
a. has had multiple pregnancies
b. was pregnant once but lost the baby at 6 weeks
c. carried a pregnancy to over 20 weeks but had a still birth
d. was never pregnant
carried a pregnancy to over 20 weeks but had a still birth
In mammography, information included on the medical history documentation includes which of the following as they relate to the breast?
- patients history of trauma
- history of surgery
- unusual skin condition
a. 1 and 2
b. 2 and 3
c. 1 and 3
d. 1,2,3
1,2,3
All of the following are forms of subjective patient data excepts
a. patient has a palpable lump in the right breast
b. patient complains of severe pain during breast compression
c. the mood or demeanor of the patients
d. patients complaints of pain and tenderness in the left breast
patient has a palpable lump in the right breast
When questioning a patient to obtain an accurate patient history
a. keep questions general in nature so as not to offend the patient
b. start with open-ended questions and then follow up with more direct inquires
c. do not let the patient talk too much in order to keep the examination moving
d. use medical jargon to impress the patients with your expertise
start with open-ended questions and then follow up with more direct inquires
Which of the following are positive questioning skills that the radiographer can use when verifying the accuracy of patient information?
a. leading questions
b. open-ended questions
c. repeating information
d. facilitation
repeating information
What is the purpose of probing questions used when interviewing patients?
a. clarifies information by asking for specific details
b. gives the patient time to remember details
c. allows the patient time to tell his or her story
d. summarizes the accuracy of the information
clarifies information by asking for specific details
In fathering more information on a patients complain of pain, a good probing question to ask would be
a. how would you describe the pain?
b. when did the pain first occur?
c. if the pain comes and goes, how often does it occur, and what is the time span between occurrences?
d. all of the above are good questions to ask
if the pain comes and goes, how often does it occur, and what is the time span between occurrences?
There are two types of data collection processes. If your patient says he or she has a bruise on the left breast this information is regarded as
a. objective
b. subjective
c. open-ended scenario
d. probing
objective
When questioning your patient what is the purpose of the repetition?
a. to give the patient time to remember details
b. to get more detail
c. to summarize
d. to allow the patient to tell his or her story
to summarize
“Where is your pain? is an example of
a. a probing question
b. repetition
c. summarization
d. an open-ended question
an open-ended question
Which of the following will not result in increased breast cancer?
a. having a mother who took diethylstilbestrol (DES) while pregnant
b. having a first child before age 30 years
c. history of Hodgkin lymphoma
d. menarche at age 10 years
having a first child before age 30 years
An informed consent is required before performing which of the following examinations
a. ultrasonography
b. mammography
c. fine needle biopsy (FNB)
d. MRI
fine needle biopsy (FNB)
Phone consent is an example of
a. written consent
b. oral consent
c. implied consent
d. expressed consent
oral consent
The patient has to sign an informed consent
- when there are significant risks associated with the procedure or test
- for all diagnostic examinations in the imaging department
- if the procedure is invasive
a. 1 and 2
b. 1 and 3
c. 2 and 3
d. 1,2,3
1 and 3
Which kind of consent is binding but difficult to prove?
a. oral
b. written
c. implied
d. printed
oral
Which of the following is not required information that must be included on any informed consent?
a. name of the procedure
b. risks and benefits of the procedure
c. patient height and weight
d. possible alternative procedure
patient height and weight
Methods of acknowledging the patient and treating the patient courteously can include all of the following except?
a. using greetings (good morning, good afternoon)
b. avoiding eye contact
c. giving your full attention
d. introducing yourself
avoiding eye contact
Two disadvantages of mammography screening include
- the granularity of the breast can impact visualization of cancers
- mammography will not image all cancers
- the radiation dose from mammography is dangerous
a. 1 and 3
b. 1 and 2
c. 2 and 3
1 and 2
The glandular dose is
a. received on the skin of the breast
b. the significant background dose recorded by ultrasonography
c. associated with dose to the radiosensitive cells of the breast
d. a record of the dose to the gonads
associated with dose to the radiosensitive cells of the breast
Having a dense breast will
a. increase the risk of breast cancer
b. reduce the risk of breast cancer
c. result in breast cancer
d. help combat breast cancer
increase the risk of breast cancer
The technologist should review the previous mammography report to
a. verify the physicians signature
b. verify the technologists initials
c. provide the radiologist an additional aid
d. confirm the type of exam (screen or diagnostic ) needed
confirm the type of exam (screen or diagnostic ) needed
Why should the patient remove deodorant before mammography?
a. deodorant can mimic malignant calcifications
b. deodorant causes breast cancer
c. deodorant blocks the lymph nodes and allows the spread of cancer
d. technologists have difficult positioning patients who are wearing deodorant
deodorant can mimic malignant calcifications
Risk factors that are outside of a woman’s control such as gender and age are known as ?
major risk factors
Risk factors that are related to environment and personal choices are known as
minor risk factors
True or False
Breast cancer is much more common among women than among men?
true
Anything that increases a persons chances of getting a disease is called a ___ ____
risk factor
A women’s chances of getting breast cancer ____ if they have a close blood relative with the disease
increases
A woman’s risk of developing breast cancer ___ with age
increases
At age 30 years, a woman has a ___ % risk of developing breast cancer
0.44% (1 in 227)
At age 40 years, a woman has a ___ % risk of developing breast cancer
0.47% (1 in 68)
At age 50 years, a woman has a ___ % risk of developing breast cancer
2.38% (1 in 42)
At age 60 years, a woman has a ___ % risk of developing breast cancer
3.56% (1 in 28)
At age 70 years, a woman has a ___ % risk of developing breast cancer
3.82% (1 in 26)
True or False
Most nipple discharge are not indicative of cancer
true
What are normal nipple discharge colors
clear, milky, yellow, green
Nipple discharge becomes concerning if it is what color
red (blood tinged)
What other tests can be done to determine the cause of nipple discharge
ultrasound, ductography, galactography
What type of cancer is seen on a mammogram as clusters of microcalcifications
DCIS ( ductal carcinoma in situ)
What are 5 signs of breast cancer
- lumps
- skin thickening
- puckering or dimpling
- inverted nipples
- nipple discharge
Remnants of deodorant can appear a ____ on the mammogram
microcalcifications
What patterns can be used for a BSE
up and down (verticle)
circular
wedge
Why has the ACS suggested no longer doing BSE
because they raise anxiety and increase biopsies, but do not reduce death rates
How many different levels of pressure are recommended when examining the breast
3
light
medium
firm
___ pressure is used to feel the tissues closest to the skin
light
___ pressure is used to feel the tissue closest to the chest wall and ribs
firm
The up and down method of examining the breast is also referred to as the ____ pattern
vertical
What is the most effective pattern for covering the entire breast without missing any breast tissue
vertical/up and down
What portion of the hand is most sensitive and should be used for BSE
the pads of the three middle fingers
___ motion should be used when doing a BSE
circular
The patient should perform BSE ___ to ___ days after the start of her period or when the breasts are not tender or swollen
5-10
What is the second most common cancer among women in the US?
breast cancer
What is the second most common cause of cancer-related death among women?
breast cancer
What is the leading cause of cancer related death among women in the US ?
lung cancer
The decrease in the incidence of breast cancer is thought to be related to the reduced use of what?
hormone replacement therapy
The decrease in breast cancer death is through to be a result of what 3 things ?
- advanced treatment options
- earlier detection
- increased awareness
Weight gain is associated with increase ___, which in turn increases breast cancer risks
estrogen
The ACR recommends that the average glandular dose on mammography be no greater than ____ with a grid or ____ without a grid
3mGy (0.3 rad or 300 mrad)
1mGy (0.1 rad or 100 mrad)
What does ACR stands for
American College of Radiology
Cancer that is still contained within the duct or lobule is called ____and is stage ___
carcinoma in situ
stage 0
What are the 4 major factors affecting dose?
- the imaging chain
- the x-ray beam energy
- the compression
- the patients breast composition and thickness
Imaging conditions including the type of mammography unit are referred to as the ___ ____
imaging chain
The higher the peak kVp and HVL the ___ the patient dose
lower
Greater compression will result in ___ exposure and therefore ____ dose
decreased
decreased
Denser glandular breast requires ___ exposure compared with fattier breast
more
The radiation dose in mammography is calculated on
the basis of the average dose to the interior of the breast
In mammography, compared with the skin dose, the glandular dose is very low because the dose does what
falls off rapidly as the low photon energy beam penetrates the breast
The entrance skin exposure (ESE) for a typical single exposure is ___ to ___
800 to 1200 mrad (812mGy)
The glandular dose during a typical single exposure is
100 mrad (1.0mGy)
The ACR recommends what exposure for a single exposure with and without a grid ?
- 3 rad (300 mrad or 3 mGy) with grid
0. 1 rad (100 mrad or 1 mGy) without a grid
What does the term nullipara mean
a woman who has never borne a hild or carried a fetus to the point of viability
____ is thought to have a protective effect against breast cancer
pregnancy
Starting menstruation early, before age ___ is considered to increase the risk of breast cancer
12
____ was used to prevent miscarriages during 1940-1971
DES
Why do women who have had treatment for Hodgkin’s lymphoma have an increased risk of breast cancer
the treatment often requires radiation to the chest area
Who regulates the glandular dose
MQSA
Most patient dose reports in radiology involve a fact check of the ___ ____ ____ only
ESE (entrance skin exposure)
What dose is the dose of choice when calculating radiation doses associated with mammography
glandular dose
Women with dense breast tissue face a ___ risk of missed breast cancer
higher
Why does deodorant show up on mammography
Mammography uses low dose radiation. Deodorant contains aluminum or other metallic elements that aren’t easily penetrated by the low peak kVp
