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Political Science > test 1 vocab > Flashcards

test 1 vocab Flashcards

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1
Q

Accomodationists

A

supporters of government non-preferential accommodation of religion

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2
Q

advanced industrial democracy

A

a system in which a democratic government government allows citizens a considerable amount of personal freedom and maintains a free-market (though still usually regulated) economy

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3
Q

affirmative action

A

a policy of creating opportunities for certain groups as a substantive remedy for past discrimination

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4
Q

anarchy

A

the absence of government and laws

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5
Q

anti-federalists

A

advocates of states rights who opposed the constitution

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6
Q

articles of confederation

A

the first constitution of the US (1777) creating an association of states with weak central government

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7
Q

asylum

A

protection or sanctuary, especially from political persecution

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8
Q

authoritarian capitalism

A

a system in which the state allows people economic freedom but maintains stringent social regulations to limit non-economic behavior

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9
Q

authoritarian governments

A

systems in which the state holds all power over the social order

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10
Q

authority

A

power that is recognized as legitimate

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11
Q

bad tendency test

A

rule used by the courts that allows speech to be punished if it leads to punishable actions

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12
Q

bicameral legislature

A

legislature with two chambers

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13
Q

Bill of Rights

A

a summary of citizen rights guaranteed and protected by a government
added to the constitution as its first 10 amendments in order to achieve ratification

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14
Q

Bills of Attainder

A

laws under which specific persons or groups are detained and sentenced without trial

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15
Q

black codes

A

a series of laws in the post-Civil War South designed to restrict the rights of former slaves before the passage of the 14th and 15th amendments

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16
Q

Block grants

A

federal funds provided for a broad purpose, unrestricted by detailed requirements and regulations

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17
Q

boycott

A

refusal to buy certain goods or services as a way to protest policy or force political reform

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18
Q

capitalist economy

A

an economic system in which the market determines production, distribution, and price decisions, and property is privately owned

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19
Q

categorical grant

A

federal funds provided for a specific purpose, restricted by detailed instructions, regulations, and compliance standards

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20
Q

checks and balances

A

the principle that allows each branch of government to exercise some form of control over the others

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21
Q

citizens

A

members of a political community with both rights and responsibilities

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22
Q

civil liberties

A

individual freedoms guaranteed to the people primarily by the Bill of Rights

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23
Q

civil rights

A

citizenship rights guaranteed to the people (primarily in the 13th, 14th, 15th, 19th, and 26th amendments) and protected by the government

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24
Q

clear and present danger test

A

rule used by the courts that allows language to be regulated only if it presents an immediate and urgent danger

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25
Q

common sense

A

1776 pamphlet by Thomas Paine that persuaded many Americans to support the Revolutionary cause

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26
Q

communist democracy

A

a utopian system in which property is communally owned and all decisions are made democratically

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27
Q

communitarians

A

those who favor a strong, substantive government role in the economy and the social order in order so that their vision of a community of equals may be realized

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28
Q

compelling state interest

A

a fundamental state purpose, which must be shown before the law can limit some freedoms or treat some groups of people differently

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29
Q

concurrent powers

A

powers that are shared by both the federal and state governments

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30
Q

confederal system

A

a government in which local units hold all the power

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31
Q

confederation

A

a government in which independent states unite for common purpose but retain their own sovereignty

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32
Q

Connecticut compromise

A

bicameral legislation
house representation based on population
equal representation in the Senate
unitary executive

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33
Q

conservatives

A

people who generally favor limited government and are cautious about change

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34
Q

constitution

A

the rules that establish a government

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35
Q

constitutional convention

A

the assembly of 55 delegates in the summer of 1787 to recast the Articles of Confederation
the result was the US Constitution

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36
Q

cooperative federalism (marble cake federalism)

A

the federal system under which the national and state governments share responsibilities for most domestic policy areas

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37
Q

de facto discrimination

A

discrimination that is the result not of law but rather of tradition and habit

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38
Q

de jure discrimination

A

discrimination arising from or supported by the law

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39
Q

Declaration of Independence

A

the political document that dissolved the colonial ties between the US and Britain

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40
Q

democracy

A

government that vests power in the people

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41
Q

devolution

A

the transfer of powers and responsibilities from the federal government to the states

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42
Q

Dillons Rule

A

municipalities derive power from state so state must give permission to do things

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43
Q

divine right of kings

A

the principle that earthly rulers receive their authority from God

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44
Q

dual federalism (layer cake federalism)

A

the federal system under which the national and state governments are responsible for separate policy areas

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45
Q

due process of the law

A

guarantee that laws will be fair and reasonable and that citizens suspected of breaking the law will be treated fairly

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46
Q

economic conservatives

A

those who favor a strictly procedural government role in the economy and the social order

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47
Q

economic liberals

A

those who favor an expanded government role in the economy but a limited role in the social order

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48
Q

economics

A

production and distribution of a society’s material resources and services

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49
Q

electoral college

A

an intermediary body that elects the president

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50
Q

elite democracy

A

a theory of democracy that limits the citizens’ role to choosing among competing leaders

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51
Q

enumerated powers of Congress

A

congressional powers specifically named in the Constitution (Article 1, Section 8)

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52
Q

Equal Rights Amendment

A

constitutional amendment passed by Congress but never ratified that would have banned discrimination on the basis of gender

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53
Q

establishment clause

A

The first amendment guarantee that the government will not create and support an official state church

54
Q

ex post facto laws

A

laws that criminalize an action after it occurs

55
Q

exclusionary rule

A

rule created by the Supreme Court that evidence seized illegally may not be used to obtained a conviction

56
Q

executive

A

the branch of government responsible for putting laws into effect

57
Q

factions

A

groups of citizens united by some common passion or interest and opposed to the rights of other citizens or to the interest of the whole community

58
Q

federalism

A

a political system in which power is divided between the central and regional units

59
Q

The Federalist Papers

A

a series of essays written to built support for ratification of the Constitution

60
Q

federalists

A

supports of the Constitution who favored a strong central government

61
Q

feudalism

A

a social system in which a rigid social and political hierarchy was based on the ownership of land

62
Q

Fiscal federalism (policy)

A

economic policy in which government regulates the economy through its powers to tax and spend

63
Q

fighting words

A

speech intended to incite violence

64
Q

free exercise clause

A

the first amendment guarantee that citizens may freely engage in the religious activities of their choice

65
Q

freedom of assembly

A

the right of the people to gather peacefully and to petition government

66
Q

government

A

a system or an organization for exercising authority over a body of people

67
Q

grandfather clauses

A

provisions exempting from voting restrictions the descendants of those able to vote in 1867

68
Q

habeas corpus

A

the right of an accused person to be brought before a judge and informed the charges and evidence against him or her

69
Q

ideologies

A

sets of beliefs about politics and society that help people make sense of their world

70
Q

immigrants

A

citizens or subjects of one country who move to another country to live or work

71
Q

imminent lawless action test

A

rule used by the courts that restricts speech only if it is aimed at producing or is likely to produce imminent lawless action

72
Q

incorporation

A

Supreme Court action making the protections of Bill of Rights applicable to the states

73
Q

individualism

A

belief that what is good for society is based on what is good for individuals

74
Q

individualism

A

belief that what is good for society is based on what is good for individuals

75
Q

institutions

A

organizations in which governmental power is exercised

76
Q

intermediate standard of review

A

standard of review used by the court to evaluate laws that make a quasi- suspect classification

77
Q

intermediate standard of review

A

standard of review used by the court to evaluate laws that make a quasi- suspect classification

78
Q

Jim Crow laws

A

southern laws designed to circumvent the 13th, 14th, and 15th amendments and to deny blacks rights on bases other than race

79
Q

judicial power

A

the power to interpret laws and judge whether a law has been broken

80
Q

judicial review

A

power of the Supreme Court to rule on the constitutionality of laws

81
Q

laissez-faire capitalism

A

an economic system in which the market makes all decisions and the government plays no role

82
Q

legislative supremacy

A

an alternative to judicial review, the acceptance of legislative acts as the final law of the land

83
Q

legislature

A

the body of government that makes laws

84
Q

legitimate

A

accepted as “right” or proper

85
Q

Lemon test

A

three-pronged rule used by the courts to determine whether the establishment clause is violated

86
Q

libel

A

written defamation of character

87
Q

liberals

A

people who generally favor government action and view change as progress

88
Q

libertarians

A

those who favor a limited government role in any sphere

89
Q

literacy tests

A

tests requiring reading or comprehension skills as a qualification for voting

90
Q

Miller test

A

rule used by the courts in which the definition of obscenity must be based on local standards

91
Q

minimum rationality test

A

standard of review used by the Court to evaluate laws that make a nonsuspect classification

92
Q

naturalization

A

the legal process of acquiring citizenship for someone who has not acquired it by birth

93
Q

necessary and proper clause

A

constitutional authorization for Congress to make any law required to carry out its powers

94
Q

New Jersey Plan

A

a proposal at the Constitutional Convention that congressional representation be equal favoring the small states

95
Q

nullification

A

declaration by a state that federal law is void within its borders

96
Q

parliamentary system

A

government in which the executive is chosen by the legislature from among its members and the two branches are merged

97
Q

police power

A

the ability of the government to protect its citizens and maintain social order

98
Q

political correctness

A

the idea that language shapes behavior and therefore should be regulated to control its social effects

99
Q

political culture

A

the broad pattern of ideas, beliefs, and values about citizens and government held by a population

100
Q

politics

A

who gets what, when, and how; a process of determining how power and resources are distributed in a society without recourse to violence

101
Q

poll taxes

A

taxes levied as a qualification for voting

102
Q

popular sovereignty

A

the concept that the citizens are the ultimate source of political power

103
Q

popular tyranny

A

the unrestrained power of the people

104
Q

power

A

the ability to get other people to do what you want

105
Q

presidential system

A

government in which the executive is chosen independently of the legislature and the two branches are separate

106
Q

prior restraint

A

censorship of or punishment for the expression of ideas before the ideas are printed or spoken

107
Q

procedural guarantees

A

government assurance that the rules will work smoothly and treat everyone fairly with no promise of particular outcomes

108
Q

racism

A

institutionalized power inequalities in society based on the perception of racial differences

109
Q

ratification

A

the process through which a proposal is formally approved and adopted by vote

110
Q

reconstruction

A

the period following the Civil War during which the federal government took action to rebuild the south

111
Q

refugees

A

individuals who flee an area or a country because of persecution on the basis of race, nationality, religion, group membership, or political opinion

112
Q

regulated capitalism

A

a market in which the government intervenes to protect rights and make procedural guarantees

113
Q

republic

A

a government in which decisions are made through representatives of the people

114
Q

rules

A

directives that specify how resources will be distributed or what procedures govern collective activity

115
Q

sedition

A

speech that criticizes the government

116
Q

segregation

A

the practice and policy of separating races

117
Q

selective incorporation

A

incorporation of rights on a case-by-case basis

118
Q

separation of powers

A

the institutional arrangement that assigns judicial, executive, and legislative powers to different persons or groups, thereby limiting the powers of each

119
Q

separationists

A

supporters of a “wall of separation” between the church and state

120
Q

sexual harassment

A

unwelcome sexual speech or behavior that creates a hostile work environment

121
Q

slavery

A

the ownership, for forced labor, of one people by another

122
Q

social conservatives

A

those who endorse limited government control of the economy but considerable government intervention to realize a traditional social order; based on religious values and hierarchy rather than equality

123
Q

social contract

A

the notion that society is based on an agreement between government and the governed in which people agree to give up some rights in exchange for the protection of others

124
Q

social democracy

A

a hybrid system combining a capitalist economy and a government that supports equality

125
Q

social liberals

A

those who facor a greaeter control of the economy and the social order to bring about greater equality and to regulate the effects of progress

126
Q

social order

A

the way we organize and live our collective lives

127
Q

socialist economy

A

an economic system in which the state determines production, distribution, and price decisions and property is government owned

128
Q

strict scrutiny

A

a heightened standard of review used by the Supreme court to assess the constitutionality of laws that limit some freedoms or that make a suspect classification

129
Q

subjects

A

individiuals who are obliggated to submit to a government authority against which they have no rights

130
Q

substantive guarantee

A

government assurance of particular outcomes or results

131
Q

supremacy clause

A

constitutional declaration that the Constitution and laws made under its provisions are the supreme law of the land

Political Science (1 decks)

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